Merge pull request #4458 from fanninpm/test-ctypes

Add test_ctypes from CPython 3.11

Lib/ctypes/test/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import os
+import unittest
+from test import support
+from test.support import import_helper
+
+
+# skip tests if _ctypes was not built
+ctypes = import_helper.import_module('ctypes')
+ctypes_symbols = dir(ctypes)
+
+def need_symbol(name):
+    return unittest.skipUnless(name in ctypes_symbols,
+                               '{!r} is required'.format(name))
+
+def load_tests(*args):
+    return support.load_package_tests(os.path.dirname(__file__), *args)

Lib/ctypes/test/__main__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from ctypes.test import load_tests
+import unittest
+
+unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_anon.py

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import unittest
+import test.support
+from ctypes import *
+
+class AnonTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_anon(self):
+        class ANON(Union):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int),
+                        ("b", c_int)]
+
+        class Y(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int),
+                        ("_", ANON),
+                        ("y", c_int)]
+            _anonymous_ = ["_"]
+
+        self.assertEqual(Y.a.offset, sizeof(c_int))
+        self.assertEqual(Y.b.offset, sizeof(c_int))
+
+        self.assertEqual(ANON.a.offset, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(ANON.b.offset, 0)
+
+    def test_anon_nonseq(self):
+        # TypeError: _anonymous_ must be a sequence
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError,
+                              lambda: type(Structure)("Name",
+                                                      (Structure,),
+                                                      {"_fields_": [], "_anonymous_": 42}))
+
+    def test_anon_nonmember(self):
+        # AttributeError: type object 'Name' has no attribute 'x'
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError,
+                              lambda: type(Structure)("Name",
+                                                      (Structure,),
+                                                      {"_fields_": [],
+                                                       "_anonymous_": ["x"]}))
+
+    @test.support.cpython_only
+    def test_issue31490(self):
+        # There shouldn't be an assertion failure in case the class has an
+        # attribute whose name is specified in _anonymous_ but not in _fields_.
+
+        # AttributeError: 'x' is specified in _anonymous_ but not in _fields_
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            class Name(Structure):
+                _fields_ = []
+                _anonymous_ = ["x"]
+                x = 42
+
+    def test_nested(self):
+        class ANON_S(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int)]
+
+        class ANON_U(Union):
+            _fields_ = [("_", ANON_S),
+                        ("b", c_int)]
+            _anonymous_ = ["_"]
+
+        class Y(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int),
+                        ("_", ANON_U),
+                        ("y", c_int)]
+            _anonymous_ = ["_"]
+
+        self.assertEqual(Y.x.offset, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Y.a.offset, sizeof(c_int))
+        self.assertEqual(Y.b.offset, sizeof(c_int))
+        self.assertEqual(Y._.offset, sizeof(c_int))
+        self.assertEqual(Y.y.offset, sizeof(c_int) * 2)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_array_in_pointer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+from binascii import hexlify
+import re
+
+def dump(obj):
+    # helper function to dump memory contents in hex, with a hyphen
+    # between the bytes.
+    h = hexlify(memoryview(obj)).decode()
+    return re.sub(r"(..)", r"\1-", h)[:-1]
+
+
+class Value(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("val", c_byte)]
+
+class Container(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("pvalues", POINTER(Value))]
+
+class Test(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test(self):
+        # create an array of 4 values
+        val_array = (Value * 4)()
+
+        # create a container, which holds a pointer to the pvalues array.
+        c = Container()
+        c.pvalues = val_array
+
+        # memory contains 4 NUL bytes now, that's correct
+        self.assertEqual("00-00-00-00", dump(val_array))
+
+        # set the values of the array through the pointer:
+        for i in range(4):
+            c.pvalues[i].val = i + 1
+
+        values = [c.pvalues[i].val for i in range(4)]
+
+        # These are the expected results: here s the bug!
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (values, dump(val_array)),
+            ([1, 2, 3, 4], "01-02-03-04")
+        )
+
+    def test_2(self):
+
+        val_array = (Value * 4)()
+
+        # memory contains 4 NUL bytes now, that's correct
+        self.assertEqual("00-00-00-00", dump(val_array))
+
+        ptr = cast(val_array, POINTER(Value))
+        # set the values of the array through the pointer:
+        for i in range(4):
+            ptr[i].val = i + 1
+
+        values = [ptr[i].val for i in range(4)]
+
+        # These are the expected results: here s the bug!
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (values, dump(val_array)),
+            ([1, 2, 3, 4], "01-02-03-04")
+        )
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_arrays.py

@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+import unittest
+from test.support import bigmemtest, _2G
+import sys
+from ctypes import *
+
+from ctypes.test import need_symbol
+
+formats = "bBhHiIlLqQfd"
+
+formats = c_byte, c_ubyte, c_short, c_ushort, c_int, c_uint, \
+          c_long, c_ulonglong, c_float, c_double, c_longdouble
+
+class ArrayTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_simple(self):
+        # create classes holding simple numeric types, and check
+        # various properties.
+
+        init = list(range(15, 25))
+
+        for fmt in formats:
+            alen = len(init)
+            int_array = ARRAY(fmt, alen)
+
+            ia = int_array(*init)
+            # length of instance ok?
+            self.assertEqual(len(ia), alen)
+
+            # slot values ok?
+            values = [ia[i] for i in range(alen)]
+            self.assertEqual(values, init)
+
+            # out-of-bounds accesses should be caught
+            with self.assertRaises(IndexError): ia[alen]
+            with self.assertRaises(IndexError): ia[-alen-1]
+
+            # change the items
+            from operator import setitem
+            new_values = list(range(42, 42+alen))
+            [setitem(ia, n, new_values[n]) for n in range(alen)]
+            values = [ia[i] for i in range(alen)]
+            self.assertEqual(values, new_values)
+
+            # are the items initialized to 0?
+            ia = int_array()
+            values = [ia[i] for i in range(alen)]
+            self.assertEqual(values, [0] * alen)
+
+            # Too many initializers should be caught
+            self.assertRaises(IndexError, int_array, *range(alen*2))
+
+        CharArray = ARRAY(c_char, 3)
+
+        ca = CharArray(b"a", b"b", b"c")
+
+        # Should this work? It doesn't:
+        # CharArray("abc")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, CharArray, "abc")
+
+        self.assertEqual(ca[0], b"a")
+        self.assertEqual(ca[1], b"b")
+        self.assertEqual(ca[2], b"c")
+        self.assertEqual(ca[-3], b"a")
+        self.assertEqual(ca[-2], b"b")
+        self.assertEqual(ca[-1], b"c")
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(ca), 3)
+
+        # cannot delete items
+        from operator import delitem
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, delitem, ca, 0)
+
+    def test_step_overflow(self):
+        a = (c_int * 5)()
+        a[3::sys.maxsize] = (1,)
+        self.assertListEqual(a[3::sys.maxsize], [1])
+        a = (c_char * 5)()
+        a[3::sys.maxsize] = b"A"
+        self.assertEqual(a[3::sys.maxsize], b"A")
+        a = (c_wchar * 5)()
+        a[3::sys.maxsize] = u"X"
+        self.assertEqual(a[3::sys.maxsize], u"X")
+
+    def test_numeric_arrays(self):
+
+        alen = 5
+
+        numarray = ARRAY(c_int, alen)
+
+        na = numarray()
+        values = [na[i] for i in range(alen)]
+        self.assertEqual(values, [0] * alen)
+
+        na = numarray(*[c_int()] * alen)
+        values = [na[i] for i in range(alen)]
+        self.assertEqual(values, [0]*alen)
+
+        na = numarray(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
+        values = [i for i in na]
+        self.assertEqual(values, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+
+        na = numarray(*map(c_int, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)))
+        values = [i for i in na]
+        self.assertEqual(values, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+
+    def test_classcache(self):
+        self.assertIsNot(ARRAY(c_int, 3), ARRAY(c_int, 4))
+        self.assertIs(ARRAY(c_int, 3), ARRAY(c_int, 3))
+
+    def test_from_address(self):
+        # Failed with 0.9.8, reported by JUrner
+        p = create_string_buffer(b"foo")
+        sz = (c_char * 3).from_address(addressof(p))
+        self.assertEqual(sz[:], b"foo")
+        self.assertEqual(sz[::], b"foo")
+        self.assertEqual(sz[::-1], b"oof")
+        self.assertEqual(sz[::3], b"f")
+        self.assertEqual(sz[1:4:2], b"o")
+        self.assertEqual(sz.value, b"foo")
+
+    @need_symbol('create_unicode_buffer')
+    def test_from_addressW(self):
+        p = create_unicode_buffer("foo")
+        sz = (c_wchar * 3).from_address(addressof(p))
+        self.assertEqual(sz[:], "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(sz[::], "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(sz[::-1], "oof")
+        self.assertEqual(sz[::3], "f")
+        self.assertEqual(sz[1:4:2], "o")
+        self.assertEqual(sz.value, "foo")
+
+    def test_cache(self):
+        # Array types are cached internally in the _ctypes extension,
+        # in a WeakValueDictionary.  Make sure the array type is
+        # removed from the cache when the itemtype goes away.  This
+        # test will not fail, but will show a leak in the testsuite.
+
+        # Create a new type:
+        class my_int(c_int):
+            pass
+        # Create a new array type based on it:
+        t1 = my_int * 1
+        t2 = my_int * 1
+        self.assertIs(t1, t2)
+
+    def test_subclass(self):
+        class T(Array):
+            _type_ = c_int
+            _length_ = 13
+        class U(T):
+            pass
+        class V(U):
+            pass
+        class W(V):
+            pass
+        class X(T):
+            _type_ = c_short
+        class Y(T):
+            _length_ = 187
+
+        for c in [T, U, V, W]:
+            self.assertEqual(c._type_, c_int)
+            self.assertEqual(c._length_, 13)
+            self.assertEqual(c()._type_, c_int)
+            self.assertEqual(c()._length_, 13)
+
+        self.assertEqual(X._type_, c_short)
+        self.assertEqual(X._length_, 13)
+        self.assertEqual(X()._type_, c_short)
+        self.assertEqual(X()._length_, 13)
+
+        self.assertEqual(Y._type_, c_int)
+        self.assertEqual(Y._length_, 187)
+        self.assertEqual(Y()._type_, c_int)
+        self.assertEqual(Y()._length_, 187)
+
+    def test_bad_subclass(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            class T(Array):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            class T(Array):
+                _type_ = c_int
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            class T(Array):
+                _length_ = 13
+
+    def test_bad_length(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            class T(Array):
+                _type_ = c_int
+                _length_ = - sys.maxsize * 2
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            class T(Array):
+                _type_ = c_int
+                _length_ = -1
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class T(Array):
+                _type_ = c_int
+                _length_ = 1.87
+        with self.assertRaises(OverflowError):
+            class T(Array):
+                _type_ = c_int
+                _length_ = sys.maxsize * 2
+
+    def test_zero_length(self):
+        # _length_ can be zero.
+        class T(Array):
+            _type_ = c_int
+            _length_ = 0
+
+    def test_empty_element_struct(self):
+        class EmptyStruct(Structure):
+            _fields_ = []
+
+        obj = (EmptyStruct * 2)()  # bpo37188: Floating point exception
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(obj), 0)
+
+    def test_empty_element_array(self):
+        class EmptyArray(Array):
+            _type_ = c_int
+            _length_ = 0
+
+        obj = (EmptyArray * 2)()  # bpo37188: Floating point exception
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(obj), 0)
+
+    def test_bpo36504_signed_int_overflow(self):
+        # The overflow check in PyCArrayType_new() could cause signed integer
+        # overflow.
+        with self.assertRaises(OverflowError):
+            c_char * sys.maxsize * 2
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.maxsize > 2**32, 'requires 64bit platform')
+    @bigmemtest(size=_2G, memuse=1, dry_run=False)
+    def test_large_array(self, size):
+        c_char * size
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_as_parameter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+from ctypes.test import need_symbol
+import _ctypes_test
+
+dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+try:
+    CALLBACK_FUNCTYPE = WINFUNCTYPE
+except NameError:
+    # fake to enable this test on Linux
+    CALLBACK_FUNCTYPE = CFUNCTYPE
+
+class POINT(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
+
+class BasicWrapTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def wrap(self, param):
+        return param
+
+    @need_symbol('c_wchar')
+    def test_wchar_parm(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_i_bhilfd
+        f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_wchar, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
+        result = f(self.wrap(1), self.wrap("x"), self.wrap(3), self.wrap(4), self.wrap(5.0), self.wrap(6.0))
+        self.assertEqual(result, 139)
+        self.assertIs(type(result), int)
+
+    def test_pointers(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_p_p
+        f.restype = POINTER(c_int)
+        f.argtypes = [POINTER(c_int)]
+
+        # This only works if the value c_int(42) passed to the
+        # function is still alive while the pointer (the result) is
+        # used.
+
+        v = c_int(42)
+
+        self.assertEqual(pointer(v).contents.value, 42)
+        result = f(self.wrap(pointer(v)))
+        self.assertEqual(type(result), POINTER(c_int))
+        self.assertEqual(result.contents.value, 42)
+
+        # This on works...
+        result = f(self.wrap(pointer(v)))
+        self.assertEqual(result.contents.value, v.value)
+
+        p = pointer(c_int(99))
+        result = f(self.wrap(p))
+        self.assertEqual(result.contents.value, 99)
+
+    def test_shorts(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
+
+        args = []
+        expected = [262144, 131072, 65536, 32768, 16384, 8192, 4096, 2048,
+                    1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1]
+
+        def callback(v):
+            args.append(v)
+            return v
+
+        CallBack = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)
+
+        cb = CallBack(callback)
+        f(self.wrap(2**18), self.wrap(cb))
+        self.assertEqual(args, expected)
+
+    ################################################################
+
+    def test_callbacks(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
+        f.restype = c_int
+        f.argtypes = None
+
+        MyCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)
+
+        def callback(value):
+            #print "called back with", value
+            return value
+
+        cb = MyCallback(callback)
+
+        result = f(self.wrap(-10), self.wrap(cb))
+        self.assertEqual(result, -18)
+
+        # test with prototype
+        f.argtypes = [c_int, MyCallback]
+        cb = MyCallback(callback)
+
+        result = f(self.wrap(-10), self.wrap(cb))
+        self.assertEqual(result, -18)
+
+        result = f(self.wrap(-10), self.wrap(cb))
+        self.assertEqual(result, -18)
+
+        AnotherCallback = CALLBACK_FUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int)
+
+        # check that the prototype works: we call f with wrong
+        # argument types
+        cb = AnotherCallback(callback)
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, f, self.wrap(-10), self.wrap(cb))
+
+    def test_callbacks_2(self):
+        # Can also use simple datatypes as argument type specifiers
+        # for the callback function.
+        # In this case the call receives an instance of that type
+        f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
+        f.restype = c_int
+
+        MyCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)
+
+        f.argtypes = [c_int, MyCallback]
+
+        def callback(value):
+            #print "called back with", value
+            self.assertEqual(type(value), int)
+            return value
+
+        cb = MyCallback(callback)
+        result = f(self.wrap(-10), self.wrap(cb))
+        self.assertEqual(result, -18)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_longlong')
+    def test_longlong_callbacks(self):
+
+        f = dll._testfunc_callback_q_qf
+        f.restype = c_longlong
+
+        MyCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_longlong, c_longlong)
+
+        f.argtypes = [c_longlong, MyCallback]
+
+        def callback(value):
+            self.assertIsInstance(value, int)
+            return value & 0x7FFFFFFF
+
+        cb = MyCallback(callback)
+
+        self.assertEqual(13577625587, int(f(self.wrap(1000000000000), self.wrap(cb))))
+
+    def test_byval(self):
+        # without prototype
+        ptin = POINT(1, 2)
+        ptout = POINT()
+        # EXPORT int _testfunc_byval(point in, point *pout)
+        result = dll._testfunc_byval(ptin, byref(ptout))
+        got = result, ptout.x, ptout.y
+        expected = 3, 1, 2
+        self.assertEqual(got, expected)
+
+        # with prototype
+        ptin = POINT(101, 102)
+        ptout = POINT()
+        dll._testfunc_byval.argtypes = (POINT, POINTER(POINT))
+        dll._testfunc_byval.restype = c_int
+        result = dll._testfunc_byval(self.wrap(ptin), byref(ptout))
+        got = result, ptout.x, ptout.y
+        expected = 203, 101, 102
+        self.assertEqual(got, expected)
+
+    def test_struct_return_2H(self):
+        class S2H(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_short),
+                        ("y", c_short)]
+        dll.ret_2h_func.restype = S2H
+        dll.ret_2h_func.argtypes = [S2H]
+        inp = S2H(99, 88)
+        s2h = dll.ret_2h_func(self.wrap(inp))
+        self.assertEqual((s2h.x, s2h.y), (99*2, 88*3))
+
+        # Test also that the original struct was unmodified (i.e. was passed by
+        # value)
+        self.assertEqual((inp.x, inp.y), (99, 88))
+
+    def test_struct_return_8H(self):
+        class S8I(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int),
+                        ("b", c_int),
+                        ("c", c_int),
+                        ("d", c_int),
+                        ("e", c_int),
+                        ("f", c_int),
+                        ("g", c_int),
+                        ("h", c_int)]
+        dll.ret_8i_func.restype = S8I
+        dll.ret_8i_func.argtypes = [S8I]
+        inp = S8I(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2)
+        s8i = dll.ret_8i_func(self.wrap(inp))
+        self.assertEqual((s8i.a, s8i.b, s8i.c, s8i.d, s8i.e, s8i.f, s8i.g, s8i.h),
+                             (9*2, 8*3, 7*4, 6*5, 5*6, 4*7, 3*8, 2*9))
+
+    def test_recursive_as_param(self):
+        from ctypes import c_int
+
+        class A(object):
+            pass
+
+        a = A()
+        a._as_parameter_ = a
+        with self.assertRaises(RecursionError):
+            c_int.from_param(a)
+
+
+#~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+class AsParamWrapper(object):
+    def __init__(self, param):
+        self._as_parameter_ = param
+
+class AsParamWrapperTestCase(BasicWrapTestCase):
+    wrap = AsParamWrapper
+
+#~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+class AsParamPropertyWrapper(object):
+    def __init__(self, param):
+        self._param = param
+
+    def getParameter(self):
+        return self._param
+    _as_parameter_ = property(getParameter)
+
+class AsParamPropertyWrapperTestCase(BasicWrapTestCase):
+    wrap = AsParamPropertyWrapper
+
+#~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_bitfields.py

@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+from ctypes import *
+from ctypes.test import need_symbol
+from test import support
+import unittest
+import os
+
+import _ctypes_test
+
+class BITS(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("A", c_int, 1),
+                ("B", c_int, 2),
+                ("C", c_int, 3),
+                ("D", c_int, 4),
+                ("E", c_int, 5),
+                ("F", c_int, 6),
+                ("G", c_int, 7),
+                ("H", c_int, 8),
+                ("I", c_int, 9),
+
+                ("M", c_short, 1),
+                ("N", c_short, 2),
+                ("O", c_short, 3),
+                ("P", c_short, 4),
+                ("Q", c_short, 5),
+                ("R", c_short, 6),
+                ("S", c_short, 7)]
+
+func = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__).unpack_bitfields
+func.argtypes = POINTER(BITS), c_char
+
+##for n in "ABCDEFGHIMNOPQRS":
+##    print n, hex(getattr(BITS, n).size), getattr(BITS, n).offset
+
+class C_Test(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_ints(self):
+        for i in range(512):
+            for name in "ABCDEFGHI":
+                b = BITS()
+                setattr(b, name, i)
+                self.assertEqual(getattr(b, name), func(byref(b), name.encode('ascii')))
+
+    # bpo-46913: _ctypes/cfield.c h_get() has an undefined behavior
+    @support.skip_if_sanitizer(ub=True)
+    def test_shorts(self):
+        b = BITS()
+        name = "M"
+        if func(byref(b), name.encode('ascii')) == 999:
+            self.skipTest("Compiler does not support signed short bitfields")
+        for i in range(256):
+            for name in "MNOPQRS":
+                b = BITS()
+                setattr(b, name, i)
+                self.assertEqual(getattr(b, name), func(byref(b), name.encode('ascii')))
+
+signed_int_types = (c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_longlong)
+unsigned_int_types = (c_ubyte, c_ushort, c_uint, c_ulong, c_ulonglong)
+int_types = unsigned_int_types + signed_int_types
+
+class BitFieldTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_longlong(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_longlong, 1),
+                        ("b", c_longlong, 62),
+                        ("c", c_longlong, 1)]
+
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_longlong))
+        x = X()
+        x.a, x.b, x.c = -1, 7, -1
+        self.assertEqual((x.a, x.b, x.c), (-1, 7, -1))
+
+    def test_ulonglong(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_ulonglong, 1),
+                        ("b", c_ulonglong, 62),
+                        ("c", c_ulonglong, 1)]
+
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_longlong))
+        x = X()
+        self.assertEqual((x.a, x.b, x.c), (0, 0, 0))
+        x.a, x.b, x.c = 7, 7, 7
+        self.assertEqual((x.a, x.b, x.c), (1, 7, 1))
+
+    def test_signed(self):
+        for c_typ in signed_int_types:
+            class X(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("dummy", c_typ),
+                            ("a", c_typ, 3),
+                            ("b", c_typ, 3),
+                            ("c", c_typ, 1)]
+            self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_typ)*2)
+
+            x = X()
+            self.assertEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, 0, 0, 0))
+            x.a = -1
+            self.assertEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, -1, 0, 0))
+            x.a, x.b = 0, -1
+            self.assertEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, 0, -1, 0))
+
+
+    def test_unsigned(self):
+        for c_typ in unsigned_int_types:
+            class X(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("a", c_typ, 3),
+                            ("b", c_typ, 3),
+                            ("c", c_typ, 1)]
+            self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_typ))
+
+            x = X()
+            self.assertEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, 0, 0, 0))
+            x.a = -1
+            self.assertEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, 7, 0, 0))
+            x.a, x.b = 0, -1
+            self.assertEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, 0, 7, 0))
+
+
+    def fail_fields(self, *fields):
+        return self.get_except(type(Structure), "X", (),
+                               {"_fields_": fields})
+
+    def test_nonint_types(self):
+        # bit fields are not allowed on non-integer types.
+        result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_char_p, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(result, (TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type c_char_p'))
+
+        result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_void_p, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(result, (TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type c_void_p'))
+
+        if c_int != c_long:
+            result = self.fail_fields(("a", POINTER(c_int), 1))
+            self.assertEqual(result, (TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type LP_c_int'))
+
+        result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_char, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(result, (TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type c_char'))
+
+        class Dummy(Structure):
+            _fields_ = []
+
+        result = self.fail_fields(("a", Dummy, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(result, (TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type Dummy'))
+
+    @need_symbol('c_wchar')
+    def test_c_wchar(self):
+        result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_wchar, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(result,
+                (TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type c_wchar'))
+
+    def test_single_bitfield_size(self):
+        for c_typ in int_types:
+            result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_typ, -1))
+            self.assertEqual(result, (ValueError, 'number of bits invalid for bit field'))
+
+            result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_typ, 0))
+            self.assertEqual(result, (ValueError, 'number of bits invalid for bit field'))
+
+            class X(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("a", c_typ, 1)]
+            self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_typ))
+
+            class X(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("a", c_typ, sizeof(c_typ)*8)]
+            self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_typ))
+
+            result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_typ, sizeof(c_typ)*8 + 1))
+            self.assertEqual(result, (ValueError, 'number of bits invalid for bit field'))
+
+    def test_multi_bitfields_size(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_short, 1),
+                        ("b", c_short, 14),
+                        ("c", c_short, 1)]
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_short))
+
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_short, 1),
+                        ("a1", c_short),
+                        ("b", c_short, 14),
+                        ("c", c_short, 1)]
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_short)*3)
+        self.assertEqual(X.a.offset, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(X.a1.offset, sizeof(c_short))
+        self.assertEqual(X.b.offset, sizeof(c_short)*2)
+        self.assertEqual(X.c.offset, sizeof(c_short)*2)
+
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_short, 3),
+                        ("b", c_short, 14),
+                        ("c", c_short, 14)]
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_short)*3)
+        self.assertEqual(X.a.offset, sizeof(c_short)*0)
+        self.assertEqual(X.b.offset, sizeof(c_short)*1)
+        self.assertEqual(X.c.offset, sizeof(c_short)*2)
+
+
+    def get_except(self, func, *args, **kw):
+        try:
+            func(*args, **kw)
+        except Exception as detail:
+            return detail.__class__, str(detail)
+
+    def test_mixed_1(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_byte, 4),
+                        ("b", c_int, 4)]
+        if os.name == "nt":
+            self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int)*2)
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int))
+
+    def test_mixed_2(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_byte, 4),
+                        ("b", c_int, 32)]
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), alignment(c_int)+sizeof(c_int))
+
+    def test_mixed_3(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_byte, 4),
+                        ("b", c_ubyte, 4)]
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_byte))
+
+    def test_mixed_4(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_short, 4),
+                        ("b", c_short, 4),
+                        ("c", c_int, 24),
+                        ("d", c_short, 4),
+                        ("e", c_short, 4),
+                        ("f", c_int, 24)]
+        # MSVC does NOT combine c_short and c_int into one field, GCC
+        # does (unless GCC is run with '-mms-bitfields' which
+        # produces code compatible with MSVC).
+        if os.name == "nt":
+            self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int) * 4)
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int) * 2)
+
+    def test_anon_bitfields(self):
+        # anonymous bit-fields gave a strange error message
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_byte, 4),
+                        ("b", c_ubyte, 4)]
+        class Y(Structure):
+            _anonymous_ = ["_"]
+            _fields_ = [("_", X)]
+
+    @need_symbol('c_uint32')
+    def test_uint32(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_uint32, 32)]
+        x = X()
+        x.a = 10
+        self.assertEqual(x.a, 10)
+        x.a = 0xFDCBA987
+        self.assertEqual(x.a, 0xFDCBA987)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_uint64')
+    def test_uint64(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_uint64, 64)]
+        x = X()
+        x.a = 10
+        self.assertEqual(x.a, 10)
+        x.a = 0xFEDCBA9876543211
+        self.assertEqual(x.a, 0xFEDCBA9876543211)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_uint32')
+    def test_uint32_swap_little_endian(self):
+        # Issue #23319
+        class Little(LittleEndianStructure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_uint32, 24),
+                        ("b", c_uint32, 4),
+                        ("c", c_uint32, 4)]
+        b = bytearray(4)
+        x = Little.from_buffer(b)
+        x.a = 0xabcdef
+        x.b = 1
+        x.c = 2
+        self.assertEqual(b, b'\xef\xcd\xab\x21')
+
+    @need_symbol('c_uint32')
+    def test_uint32_swap_big_endian(self):
+        # Issue #23319
+        class Big(BigEndianStructure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_uint32, 24),
+                        ("b", c_uint32, 4),
+                        ("c", c_uint32, 4)]
+        b = bytearray(4)
+        x = Big.from_buffer(b)
+        x.a = 0xabcdef
+        x.b = 1
+        x.c = 2
+        self.assertEqual(b, b'\xab\xcd\xef\x12')
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_buffers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+from ctypes import *
+from ctypes.test import need_symbol
+import unittest
+
+class StringBufferTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_buffer(self):
+        b = create_string_buffer(32)
+        self.assertEqual(len(b), 32)
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(b), 32 * sizeof(c_char))
+        self.assertIs(type(b[0]), bytes)
+
+        b = create_string_buffer(b"abc")
+        self.assertEqual(len(b), 4) # trailing nul char
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(b), 4 * sizeof(c_char))
+        self.assertIs(type(b[0]), bytes)
+        self.assertEqual(b[0], b"a")
+        self.assertEqual(b[:], b"abc\0")
+        self.assertEqual(b[::], b"abc\0")
+        self.assertEqual(b[::-1], b"\0cba")
+        self.assertEqual(b[::2], b"ac")
+        self.assertEqual(b[::5], b"a")
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, create_string_buffer, "abc")
+
+    def test_buffer_interface(self):
+        self.assertEqual(len(bytearray(create_string_buffer(0))), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(bytearray(create_string_buffer(1))), 1)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_wchar')
+    def test_unicode_buffer(self):
+        b = create_unicode_buffer(32)
+        self.assertEqual(len(b), 32)
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(b), 32 * sizeof(c_wchar))
+        self.assertIs(type(b[0]), str)
+
+        b = create_unicode_buffer("abc")
+        self.assertEqual(len(b), 4) # trailing nul char
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(b), 4 * sizeof(c_wchar))
+        self.assertIs(type(b[0]), str)
+        self.assertEqual(b[0], "a")
+        self.assertEqual(b[:], "abc\0")
+        self.assertEqual(b[::], "abc\0")
+        self.assertEqual(b[::-1], "\0cba")
+        self.assertEqual(b[::2], "ac")
+        self.assertEqual(b[::5], "a")
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, create_unicode_buffer, b"abc")
+
+    @need_symbol('c_wchar')
+    def test_unicode_conversion(self):
+        b = create_unicode_buffer("abc")
+        self.assertEqual(len(b), 4) # trailing nul char
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(b), 4 * sizeof(c_wchar))
+        self.assertIs(type(b[0]), str)
+        self.assertEqual(b[0], "a")
+        self.assertEqual(b[:], "abc\0")
+        self.assertEqual(b[::], "abc\0")
+        self.assertEqual(b[::-1], "\0cba")
+        self.assertEqual(b[::2], "ac")
+        self.assertEqual(b[::5], "a")
+
+    @need_symbol('c_wchar')
+    def test_create_unicode_buffer_non_bmp(self):
+        expected = 5 if sizeof(c_wchar) == 2 else 3
+        for s in '\U00010000\U00100000', '\U00010000\U0010ffff':
+            b = create_unicode_buffer(s)
+            self.assertEqual(len(b), expected)
+            self.assertEqual(b[-1], '\0')
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_bytes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+"""Test where byte objects are accepted"""
+import unittest
+import sys
+from ctypes import *
+
+class BytesTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_c_char(self):
+        x = c_char(b"x")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_char, "x")
+        x.value = b"y"
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            x.value = "y"
+        c_char.from_param(b"x")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_char.from_param, "x")
+        self.assertIn('xbd', repr(c_char.from_param(b"\xbd")))
+        (c_char * 3)(b"a", b"b", b"c")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_char * 3, "a", "b", "c")
+
+    def test_c_wchar(self):
+        x = c_wchar("x")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_wchar, b"x")
+        x.value = "y"
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            x.value = b"y"
+        c_wchar.from_param("x")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_wchar.from_param, b"x")
+        (c_wchar * 3)("a", "b", "c")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_wchar * 3, b"a", b"b", b"c")
+
+    def test_c_char_p(self):
+        c_char_p(b"foo bar")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_char_p, "foo bar")
+
+    def test_c_wchar_p(self):
+        c_wchar_p("foo bar")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_wchar_p, b"foo bar")
+
+    def test_struct(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_char * 3)]
+
+        x = X(b"abc")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, X, "abc")
+        self.assertEqual(x.a, b"abc")
+        self.assertEqual(type(x.a), bytes)
+
+    def test_struct_W(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_wchar * 3)]
+
+        x = X("abc")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, X, b"abc")
+        self.assertEqual(x.a, "abc")
+        self.assertEqual(type(x.a), str)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'Windows-specific test')
+    def test_BSTR(self):
+        from _ctypes import _SimpleCData
+        class BSTR(_SimpleCData):
+            _type_ = "X"
+
+        BSTR("abc")
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_byteswap.py

@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+import sys, unittest, struct, math, ctypes
+from binascii import hexlify
+
+from ctypes import *
+
+def bin(s):
+    return hexlify(memoryview(s)).decode().upper()
+
+# Each *simple* type that supports different byte orders has an
+# __ctype_be__ attribute that specifies the same type in BIG ENDIAN
+# byte order, and a __ctype_le__ attribute that is the same type in
+# LITTLE ENDIAN byte order.
+#
+# For Structures and Unions, these types are created on demand.
+
+class Test(unittest.TestCase):
+    @unittest.skip('test disabled')
+    def test_X(self):
+        print(sys.byteorder, file=sys.stderr)
+        for i in range(32):
+            bits = BITS()
+            setattr(bits, "i%s" % i, 1)
+            dump(bits)
+
+    def test_slots(self):
+        class BigPoint(BigEndianStructure):
+            __slots__ = ()
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
+
+        class LowPoint(LittleEndianStructure):
+            __slots__ = ()
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
+
+        big = BigPoint()
+        little = LowPoint()
+        big.x = 4
+        big.y = 2
+        little.x = 2
+        little.y = 4
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            big.z = 42
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            little.z = 24
+
+    def test_endian_short(self):
+        if sys.byteorder == "little":
+            self.assertIs(c_short.__ctype_le__, c_short)
+            self.assertIs(c_short.__ctype_be__.__ctype_le__, c_short)
+        else:
+            self.assertIs(c_short.__ctype_be__, c_short)
+            self.assertIs(c_short.__ctype_le__.__ctype_be__, c_short)
+        s = c_short.__ctype_be__(0x1234)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack(">h", 0x1234)), "1234")
+        self.assertEqual(bin(s), "1234")
+        self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x1234)
+
+        s = c_short.__ctype_le__(0x1234)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("<h", 0x1234)), "3412")
+        self.assertEqual(bin(s), "3412")
+        self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x1234)
+
+        s = c_ushort.__ctype_be__(0x1234)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack(">h", 0x1234)), "1234")
+        self.assertEqual(bin(s), "1234")
+        self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x1234)
+
+        s = c_ushort.__ctype_le__(0x1234)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("<h", 0x1234)), "3412")
+        self.assertEqual(bin(s), "3412")
+        self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x1234)
+
+    def test_endian_int(self):
+        if sys.byteorder == "little":
+            self.assertIs(c_int.__ctype_le__, c_int)
+            self.assertIs(c_int.__ctype_be__.__ctype_le__, c_int)
+        else:
+            self.assertIs(c_int.__ctype_be__, c_int)
+            self.assertIs(c_int.__ctype_le__.__ctype_be__, c_int)
+
+        s = c_int.__ctype_be__(0x12345678)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack(">i", 0x12345678)), "12345678")
+        self.assertEqual(bin(s), "12345678")
+        self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x12345678)
+
+        s = c_int.__ctype_le__(0x12345678)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("<i", 0x12345678)), "78563412")
+        self.assertEqual(bin(s), "78563412")
+        self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x12345678)
+
+        s = c_uint.__ctype_be__(0x12345678)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack(">I", 0x12345678)), "12345678")
+        self.assertEqual(bin(s), "12345678")
+        self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x12345678)
+
+        s = c_uint.__ctype_le__(0x12345678)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("<I", 0x12345678)), "78563412")
+        self.assertEqual(bin(s), "78563412")
+        self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x12345678)
+
+    def test_endian_longlong(self):
+        if sys.byteorder == "little":
+            self.assertIs(c_longlong.__ctype_le__, c_longlong)
+            self.assertIs(c_longlong.__ctype_be__.__ctype_le__, c_longlong)
+        else:
+            self.assertIs(c_longlong.__ctype_be__, c_longlong)
+            self.assertIs(c_longlong.__ctype_le__.__ctype_be__, c_longlong)
+
+        s = c_longlong.__ctype_be__(0x1234567890ABCDEF)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack(">q", 0x1234567890ABCDEF)), "1234567890ABCDEF")
+        self.assertEqual(bin(s), "1234567890ABCDEF")
+        self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x1234567890ABCDEF)
+
+        s = c_longlong.__ctype_le__(0x1234567890ABCDEF)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("<q", 0x1234567890ABCDEF)), "EFCDAB9078563412")
+        self.assertEqual(bin(s), "EFCDAB9078563412")
+        self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x1234567890ABCDEF)
+
+        s = c_ulonglong.__ctype_be__(0x1234567890ABCDEF)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack(">Q", 0x1234567890ABCDEF)), "1234567890ABCDEF")
+        self.assertEqual(bin(s), "1234567890ABCDEF")
+        self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x1234567890ABCDEF)
+
+        s = c_ulonglong.__ctype_le__(0x1234567890ABCDEF)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("<Q", 0x1234567890ABCDEF)), "EFCDAB9078563412")
+        self.assertEqual(bin(s), "EFCDAB9078563412")
+        self.assertEqual(s.value, 0x1234567890ABCDEF)
+
+    def test_endian_float(self):
+        if sys.byteorder == "little":
+            self.assertIs(c_float.__ctype_le__, c_float)
+            self.assertIs(c_float.__ctype_be__.__ctype_le__, c_float)
+        else:
+            self.assertIs(c_float.__ctype_be__, c_float)
+            self.assertIs(c_float.__ctype_le__.__ctype_be__, c_float)
+        s = c_float(math.pi)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("f", math.pi)), bin(s))
+        # Hm, what's the precision of a float compared to a double?
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(s.value, math.pi, places=6)
+        s = c_float.__ctype_le__(math.pi)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(s.value, math.pi, places=6)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("<f", math.pi)), bin(s))
+        s = c_float.__ctype_be__(math.pi)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(s.value, math.pi, places=6)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack(">f", math.pi)), bin(s))
+
+    def test_endian_double(self):
+        if sys.byteorder == "little":
+            self.assertIs(c_double.__ctype_le__, c_double)
+            self.assertIs(c_double.__ctype_be__.__ctype_le__, c_double)
+        else:
+            self.assertIs(c_double.__ctype_be__, c_double)
+            self.assertIs(c_double.__ctype_le__.__ctype_be__, c_double)
+        s = c_double(math.pi)
+        self.assertEqual(s.value, math.pi)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("d", math.pi)), bin(s))
+        s = c_double.__ctype_le__(math.pi)
+        self.assertEqual(s.value, math.pi)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack("<d", math.pi)), bin(s))
+        s = c_double.__ctype_be__(math.pi)
+        self.assertEqual(s.value, math.pi)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(struct.pack(">d", math.pi)), bin(s))
+
+    def test_endian_other(self):
+        self.assertIs(c_byte.__ctype_le__, c_byte)
+        self.assertIs(c_byte.__ctype_be__, c_byte)
+
+        self.assertIs(c_ubyte.__ctype_le__, c_ubyte)
+        self.assertIs(c_ubyte.__ctype_be__, c_ubyte)
+
+        self.assertIs(c_char.__ctype_le__, c_char)
+        self.assertIs(c_char.__ctype_be__, c_char)
+
+    def test_struct_fields_unsupported_byte_order(self):
+
+        fields = [
+            ("a", c_ubyte),
+            ("b", c_byte),
+            ("c", c_short),
+            ("d", c_ushort),
+            ("e", c_int),
+            ("f", c_uint),
+            ("g", c_long),
+            ("h", c_ulong),
+            ("i", c_longlong),
+            ("k", c_ulonglong),
+            ("l", c_float),
+            ("m", c_double),
+            ("n", c_char),
+            ("b1", c_byte, 3),
+            ("b2", c_byte, 3),
+            ("b3", c_byte, 2),
+            ("a", c_int * 3 * 3 * 3)
+        ]
+
+        # these fields do not support different byte order:
+        for typ in c_wchar, c_void_p, POINTER(c_int):
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                class T(BigEndianStructure if sys.byteorder == "little" else LittleEndianStructure):
+                    _fields_ = fields + [("x", typ)]
+
+
+    def test_struct_struct(self):
+        # nested structures with different byteorders
+
+        # create nested structures with given byteorders and set memory to data
+
+        for nested, data in (
+            (BigEndianStructure, b'\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\2'),
+            (LittleEndianStructure, b'\1\0\0\0\2\0\0\0'),
+        ):
+            for parent in (
+                BigEndianStructure,
+                LittleEndianStructure,
+                Structure,
+            ):
+                class NestedStructure(nested):
+                    _fields_ = [("x", c_uint32),
+                                ("y", c_uint32)]
+
+                class TestStructure(parent):
+                    _fields_ = [("point", NestedStructure)]
+
+                self.assertEqual(len(data), sizeof(TestStructure))
+                ptr = POINTER(TestStructure)
+                s = cast(data, ptr)[0]
+                del ctypes._pointer_type_cache[TestStructure]
+                self.assertEqual(s.point.x, 1)
+                self.assertEqual(s.point.y, 2)
+
+    def test_struct_field_alignment(self):
+        # standard packing in struct uses no alignment.
+        # So, we have to align using pad bytes.
+        #
+        # Unaligned accesses will crash Python (on those platforms that
+        # don't allow it, like sparc solaris).
+        if sys.byteorder == "little":
+            base = BigEndianStructure
+            fmt = ">bxhid"
+        else:
+            base = LittleEndianStructure
+            fmt = "<bxhid"
+
+        class S(base):
+            _fields_ = [("b", c_byte),
+                        ("h", c_short),
+                        ("i", c_int),
+                        ("d", c_double)]
+
+        s1 = S(0x12, 0x1234, 0x12345678, 3.14)
+        s2 = struct.pack(fmt, 0x12, 0x1234, 0x12345678, 3.14)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(s1), bin(s2))
+
+    def test_unaligned_nonnative_struct_fields(self):
+        if sys.byteorder == "little":
+            base = BigEndianStructure
+            fmt = ">b h xi xd"
+        else:
+            base = LittleEndianStructure
+            fmt = "<b h xi xd"
+
+        class S(base):
+            _pack_ = 1
+            _fields_ = [("b", c_byte),
+                        ("h", c_short),
+
+                        ("_1", c_byte),
+                        ("i", c_int),
+
+                        ("_2", c_byte),
+                        ("d", c_double)]
+
+        s1 = S()
+        s1.b = 0x12
+        s1.h = 0x1234
+        s1.i = 0x12345678
+        s1.d = 3.14
+        s2 = struct.pack(fmt, 0x12, 0x1234, 0x12345678, 3.14)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(s1), bin(s2))
+
+    def test_unaligned_native_struct_fields(self):
+        if sys.byteorder == "little":
+            fmt = "<b h xi xd"
+        else:
+            base = LittleEndianStructure
+            fmt = ">b h xi xd"
+
+        class S(Structure):
+            _pack_ = 1
+            _fields_ = [("b", c_byte),
+
+                        ("h", c_short),
+
+                        ("_1", c_byte),
+                        ("i", c_int),
+
+                        ("_2", c_byte),
+                        ("d", c_double)]
+
+        s1 = S()
+        s1.b = 0x12
+        s1.h = 0x1234
+        s1.i = 0x12345678
+        s1.d = 3.14
+        s2 = struct.pack(fmt, 0x12, 0x1234, 0x12345678, 3.14)
+        self.assertEqual(bin(s1), bin(s2))
+
+    def test_union_fields_unsupported_byte_order(self):
+
+        fields = [
+            ("a", c_ubyte),
+            ("b", c_byte),
+            ("c", c_short),
+            ("d", c_ushort),
+            ("e", c_int),
+            ("f", c_uint),
+            ("g", c_long),
+            ("h", c_ulong),
+            ("i", c_longlong),
+            ("k", c_ulonglong),
+            ("l", c_float),
+            ("m", c_double),
+            ("n", c_char),
+            ("b1", c_byte, 3),
+            ("b2", c_byte, 3),
+            ("b3", c_byte, 2),
+            ("a", c_int * 3 * 3 * 3)
+        ]
+
+        # these fields do not support different byte order:
+        for typ in c_wchar, c_void_p, POINTER(c_int):
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                class T(BigEndianUnion if sys.byteorder == "little" else LittleEndianUnion):
+                    _fields_ = fields + [("x", typ)]
+
+    def test_union_struct(self):
+        # nested structures in unions with different byteorders
+
+        # create nested structures in unions with given byteorders and set memory to data
+
+        for nested, data in (
+            (BigEndianStructure, b'\0\0\0\1\0\0\0\2'),
+            (LittleEndianStructure, b'\1\0\0\0\2\0\0\0'),
+        ):
+            for parent in (
+                BigEndianUnion,
+                LittleEndianUnion,
+                Union,
+            ):
+                class NestedStructure(nested):
+                    _fields_ = [("x", c_uint32),
+                                ("y", c_uint32)]
+
+                class TestUnion(parent):
+                    _fields_ = [("point", NestedStructure)]
+
+                self.assertEqual(len(data), sizeof(TestUnion))
+                ptr = POINTER(TestUnion)
+                s = cast(data, ptr)[0]
+                del ctypes._pointer_type_cache[TestUnion]
+                self.assertEqual(s.point.x, 1)
+                self.assertEqual(s.point.y, 2)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_callbacks.py

@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+import functools
+import unittest
+from test import support
+
+from ctypes import *
+from ctypes.test import need_symbol
+from _ctypes import CTYPES_MAX_ARGCOUNT
+import _ctypes_test
+
+class Callbacks(unittest.TestCase):
+    functype = CFUNCTYPE
+
+##    def tearDown(self):
+##        import gc
+##        gc.collect()
+
+    def callback(self, *args):
+        self.got_args = args
+        return args[-1]
+
+    def check_type(self, typ, arg):
+        PROTO = self.functype.__func__(typ, typ)
+        result = PROTO(self.callback)(arg)
+        if typ == c_float:
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(result, arg, places=5)
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(self.got_args, (arg,))
+            self.assertEqual(result, arg)
+
+        PROTO = self.functype.__func__(typ, c_byte, typ)
+        result = PROTO(self.callback)(-3, arg)
+        if typ == c_float:
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(result, arg, places=5)
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(self.got_args, (-3, arg))
+            self.assertEqual(result, arg)
+
+    ################
+
+    def test_byte(self):
+        self.check_type(c_byte, 42)
+        self.check_type(c_byte, -42)
+
+    def test_ubyte(self):
+        self.check_type(c_ubyte, 42)
+
+    def test_short(self):
+        self.check_type(c_short, 42)
+        self.check_type(c_short, -42)
+
+    def test_ushort(self):
+        self.check_type(c_ushort, 42)
+
+    def test_int(self):
+        self.check_type(c_int, 42)
+        self.check_type(c_int, -42)
+
+    def test_uint(self):
+        self.check_type(c_uint, 42)
+
+    def test_long(self):
+        self.check_type(c_long, 42)
+        self.check_type(c_long, -42)
+
+    def test_ulong(self):
+        self.check_type(c_ulong, 42)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_longlong')
+    def test_longlong(self):
+        self.check_type(c_longlong, 42)
+        self.check_type(c_longlong, -42)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_ulonglong')
+    def test_ulonglong(self):
+        self.check_type(c_ulonglong, 42)
+
+    def test_float(self):
+        # only almost equal: double -> float -> double
+        import math
+        self.check_type(c_float, math.e)
+        self.check_type(c_float, -math.e)
+
+    def test_double(self):
+        self.check_type(c_double, 3.14)
+        self.check_type(c_double, -3.14)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_longdouble')
+    def test_longdouble(self):
+        self.check_type(c_longdouble, 3.14)
+        self.check_type(c_longdouble, -3.14)
+
+    def test_char(self):
+        self.check_type(c_char, b"x")
+        self.check_type(c_char, b"a")
+
+    # disabled: would now (correctly) raise a RuntimeWarning about
+    # a memory leak.  A callback function cannot return a non-integral
+    # C type without causing a memory leak.
+    @unittest.skip('test disabled')
+    def test_char_p(self):
+        self.check_type(c_char_p, "abc")
+        self.check_type(c_char_p, "def")
+
+    def test_pyobject(self):
+        o = ()
+        from sys import getrefcount as grc
+        for o in (), [], object():
+            initial = grc(o)
+            # This call leaks a reference to 'o'...
+            self.check_type(py_object, o)
+            before = grc(o)
+            # ...but this call doesn't leak any more.  Where is the refcount?
+            self.check_type(py_object, o)
+            after = grc(o)
+            self.assertEqual((after, o), (before, o))
+
+    def test_unsupported_restype_1(self):
+        # Only "fundamental" result types are supported for callback
+        # functions, the type must have a non-NULL stgdict->setfunc.
+        # POINTER(c_double), for example, is not supported.
+
+        prototype = self.functype.__func__(POINTER(c_double))
+        # The type is checked when the prototype is called
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, prototype, lambda: None)
+
+    def test_unsupported_restype_2(self):
+        prototype = self.functype.__func__(object)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, prototype, lambda: None)
+
+    def test_issue_7959(self):
+        proto = self.functype.__func__(None)
+
+        class X(object):
+            def func(self): pass
+            def __init__(self):
+                self.v = proto(self.func)
+
+        import gc
+        for i in range(32):
+            X()
+        gc.collect()
+        live = [x for x in gc.get_objects()
+                if isinstance(x, X)]
+        self.assertEqual(len(live), 0)
+
+    def test_issue12483(self):
+        import gc
+        class Nasty:
+            def __del__(self):
+                gc.collect()
+        CFUNCTYPE(None)(lambda x=Nasty(): None)
+
+
+@need_symbol('WINFUNCTYPE')
+class StdcallCallbacks(Callbacks):
+    try:
+        functype = WINFUNCTYPE
+    except NameError:
+        pass
+
+################################################################
+
+class SampleCallbacksTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_integrate(self):
+        # Derived from some then non-working code, posted by David Foster
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+        # The function prototype called by 'integrate': double func(double);
+        CALLBACK = CFUNCTYPE(c_double, c_double)
+
+        # The integrate function itself, exposed from the _ctypes_test dll
+        integrate = dll.integrate
+        integrate.argtypes = (c_double, c_double, CALLBACK, c_long)
+        integrate.restype = c_double
+
+        def func(x):
+            return x**2
+
+        result = integrate(0.0, 1.0, CALLBACK(func), 10)
+        diff = abs(result - 1./3.)
+
+        self.assertLess(diff, 0.01, "%s not less than 0.01" % diff)
+
+    def test_issue_8959_a(self):
+        from ctypes.util import find_library
+        libc_path = find_library("c")
+        if not libc_path:
+            self.skipTest('could not find libc')
+        libc = CDLL(libc_path)
+
+        @CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(c_int), POINTER(c_int))
+        def cmp_func(a, b):
+            return a[0] - b[0]
+
+        array = (c_int * 5)(5, 1, 99, 7, 33)
+
+        libc.qsort(array, len(array), sizeof(c_int), cmp_func)
+        self.assertEqual(array[:], [1, 5, 7, 33, 99])
+
+    @need_symbol('WINFUNCTYPE')
+    def test_issue_8959_b(self):
+        from ctypes.wintypes import BOOL, HWND, LPARAM
+        global windowCount
+        windowCount = 0
+
+        @WINFUNCTYPE(BOOL, HWND, LPARAM)
+        def EnumWindowsCallbackFunc(hwnd, lParam):
+            global windowCount
+            windowCount += 1
+            return True #Allow windows to keep enumerating
+
+        windll.user32.EnumWindows(EnumWindowsCallbackFunc, 0)
+
+    def test_callback_register_int(self):
+        # Issue #8275: buggy handling of callback args under Win64
+        # NOTE: should be run on release builds as well
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        CALLBACK = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int)
+        # All this function does is call the callback with its args squared
+        func = dll._testfunc_cbk_reg_int
+        func.argtypes = (c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, CALLBACK)
+        func.restype = c_int
+
+        def callback(a, b, c, d, e):
+            return a + b + c + d + e
+
+        result = func(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, CALLBACK(callback))
+        self.assertEqual(result, callback(2*2, 3*3, 4*4, 5*5, 6*6))
+
+    def test_callback_register_double(self):
+        # Issue #8275: buggy handling of callback args under Win64
+        # NOTE: should be run on release builds as well
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        CALLBACK = CFUNCTYPE(c_double, c_double, c_double, c_double,
+                             c_double, c_double)
+        # All this function does is call the callback with its args squared
+        func = dll._testfunc_cbk_reg_double
+        func.argtypes = (c_double, c_double, c_double,
+                         c_double, c_double, CALLBACK)
+        func.restype = c_double
+
+        def callback(a, b, c, d, e):
+            return a + b + c + d + e
+
+        result = func(1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5, CALLBACK(callback))
+        self.assertEqual(result,
+                         callback(1.1*1.1, 2.2*2.2, 3.3*3.3, 4.4*4.4, 5.5*5.5))
+
+    def test_callback_large_struct(self):
+        class Check: pass
+
+        # This should mirror the structure in Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes_test.c
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('first', c_ulong),
+                ('second', c_ulong),
+                ('third', c_ulong),
+            ]
+
+        def callback(check, s):
+            check.first = s.first
+            check.second = s.second
+            check.third = s.third
+            # See issue #29565.
+            # The structure should be passed by value, so
+            # any changes to it should not be reflected in
+            # the value passed
+            s.first = s.second = s.third = 0x0badf00d
+
+        check = Check()
+        s = X()
+        s.first = 0xdeadbeef
+        s.second = 0xcafebabe
+        s.third = 0x0bad1dea
+
+        CALLBACK = CFUNCTYPE(None, X)
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        func = dll._testfunc_cbk_large_struct
+        func.argtypes = (X, CALLBACK)
+        func.restype = None
+        # the function just calls the callback with the passed structure
+        func(s, CALLBACK(functools.partial(callback, check)))
+        self.assertEqual(check.first, s.first)
+        self.assertEqual(check.second, s.second)
+        self.assertEqual(check.third, s.third)
+        self.assertEqual(check.first, 0xdeadbeef)
+        self.assertEqual(check.second, 0xcafebabe)
+        self.assertEqual(check.third, 0x0bad1dea)
+        # See issue #29565.
+        # Ensure that the original struct is unchanged.
+        self.assertEqual(s.first, check.first)
+        self.assertEqual(s.second, check.second)
+        self.assertEqual(s.third, check.third)
+
+    def test_callback_too_many_args(self):
+        def func(*args):
+            return len(args)
+
+        # valid call with nargs <= CTYPES_MAX_ARGCOUNT
+        proto = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, *(c_int,) * CTYPES_MAX_ARGCOUNT)
+        cb = proto(func)
+        args1 = (1,) * CTYPES_MAX_ARGCOUNT
+        self.assertEqual(cb(*args1), CTYPES_MAX_ARGCOUNT)
+
+        # invalid call with nargs > CTYPES_MAX_ARGCOUNT
+        args2 = (1,) * (CTYPES_MAX_ARGCOUNT + 1)
+        with self.assertRaises(ArgumentError):
+            cb(*args2)
+
+        # error when creating the type with too many arguments
+        with self.assertRaises(ArgumentError):
+            CFUNCTYPE(c_int, *(c_int,) * (CTYPES_MAX_ARGCOUNT + 1))
+
+    def test_convert_result_error(self):
+        def func():
+            return ("tuple",)
+
+        proto = CFUNCTYPE(c_int)
+        ctypes_func = proto(func)
+        with support.catch_unraisable_exception() as cm:
+            # don't test the result since it is an uninitialized value
+            result = ctypes_func()
+
+            self.assertIsInstance(cm.unraisable.exc_value, TypeError)
+            self.assertEqual(cm.unraisable.err_msg,
+                             "Exception ignored on converting result "
+                             "of ctypes callback function")
+            self.assertIs(cm.unraisable.object, func)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_cast.py

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+from ctypes import *
+from ctypes.test import need_symbol
+import unittest
+import sys
+
+class Test(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_array2pointer(self):
+        array = (c_int * 3)(42, 17, 2)
+
+        # casting an array to a pointer works.
+        ptr = cast(array, POINTER(c_int))
+        self.assertEqual([ptr[i] for i in range(3)], [42, 17, 2])
+
+        if 2*sizeof(c_short) == sizeof(c_int):
+            ptr = cast(array, POINTER(c_short))
+            if sys.byteorder == "little":
+                self.assertEqual([ptr[i] for i in range(6)],
+                                     [42, 0, 17, 0, 2, 0])
+            else:
+                self.assertEqual([ptr[i] for i in range(6)],
+                                     [0, 42, 0, 17, 0, 2])
+
+    def test_address2pointer(self):
+        array = (c_int * 3)(42, 17, 2)
+
+        address = addressof(array)
+        ptr = cast(c_void_p(address), POINTER(c_int))
+        self.assertEqual([ptr[i] for i in range(3)], [42, 17, 2])
+
+        ptr = cast(address, POINTER(c_int))
+        self.assertEqual([ptr[i] for i in range(3)], [42, 17, 2])
+
+    def test_p2a_objects(self):
+        array = (c_char_p * 5)()
+        self.assertEqual(array._objects, None)
+        array[0] = b"foo bar"
+        self.assertEqual(array._objects, {'0': b"foo bar"})
+
+        p = cast(array, POINTER(c_char_p))
+        # array and p share a common _objects attribute
+        self.assertIs(p._objects, array._objects)
+        self.assertEqual(array._objects, {'0': b"foo bar", id(array): array})
+        p[0] = b"spam spam"
+        self.assertEqual(p._objects, {'0': b"spam spam", id(array): array})
+        self.assertIs(array._objects, p._objects)
+        p[1] = b"foo bar"
+        self.assertEqual(p._objects, {'1': b'foo bar', '0': b"spam spam", id(array): array})
+        self.assertIs(array._objects, p._objects)
+
+    def test_other(self):
+        p = cast((c_int * 4)(1, 2, 3, 4), POINTER(c_int))
+        self.assertEqual(p[:4], [1,2, 3, 4])
+        self.assertEqual(p[:4:], [1, 2, 3, 4])
+        self.assertEqual(p[3:-1:-1], [4, 3, 2, 1])
+        self.assertEqual(p[:4:3], [1, 4])
+        c_int()
+        self.assertEqual(p[:4], [1, 2, 3, 4])
+        self.assertEqual(p[:4:], [1, 2, 3, 4])
+        self.assertEqual(p[3:-1:-1], [4, 3, 2, 1])
+        self.assertEqual(p[:4:3], [1, 4])
+        p[2] = 96
+        self.assertEqual(p[:4], [1, 2, 96, 4])
+        self.assertEqual(p[:4:], [1, 2, 96, 4])
+        self.assertEqual(p[3:-1:-1], [4, 96, 2, 1])
+        self.assertEqual(p[:4:3], [1, 4])
+        c_int()
+        self.assertEqual(p[:4], [1, 2, 96, 4])
+        self.assertEqual(p[:4:], [1, 2, 96, 4])
+        self.assertEqual(p[3:-1:-1], [4, 96, 2, 1])
+        self.assertEqual(p[:4:3], [1, 4])
+
+    def test_char_p(self):
+        # This didn't work: bad argument to internal function
+        s = c_char_p(b"hiho")
+        self.assertEqual(cast(cast(s, c_void_p), c_char_p).value,
+                             b"hiho")
+
+    @need_symbol('c_wchar_p')
+    def test_wchar_p(self):
+        s = c_wchar_p("hiho")
+        self.assertEqual(cast(cast(s, c_void_p), c_wchar_p).value,
+                             "hiho")
+
+    def test_bad_type_arg(self):
+        # The type argument must be a ctypes pointer type.
+        array_type = c_byte * sizeof(c_int)
+        array = array_type()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cast, array, None)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cast, array, array_type)
+        class Struct(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int)]
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cast, array, Struct)
+        class MyUnion(Union):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int)]
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cast, array, MyUnion)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_cfuncs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+# A lot of failures in these tests on Mac OS X.
+# Byte order related?
+
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+from ctypes.test import need_symbol
+
+import _ctypes_test
+
+class CFunctions(unittest.TestCase):
+    _dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+    def S(self):
+        return c_longlong.in_dll(self._dll, "last_tf_arg_s").value
+    def U(self):
+        return c_ulonglong.in_dll(self._dll, "last_tf_arg_u").value
+
+    def test_byte(self):
+        self._dll.tf_b.restype = c_byte
+        self._dll.tf_b.argtypes = (c_byte,)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_b(-126), -42)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), -126)
+
+    def test_byte_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bb.restype = c_byte
+        self._dll.tf_bb.argtypes = (c_byte, c_byte)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bb(0, -126), -42)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), -126)
+
+    def test_ubyte(self):
+        self._dll.tf_B.restype = c_ubyte
+        self._dll.tf_B.argtypes = (c_ubyte,)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_B(255), 85)
+        self.assertEqual(self.U(), 255)
+
+    def test_ubyte_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bB.restype = c_ubyte
+        self._dll.tf_bB.argtypes = (c_byte, c_ubyte)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bB(0, 255), 85)
+        self.assertEqual(self.U(), 255)
+
+    def test_short(self):
+        self._dll.tf_h.restype = c_short
+        self._dll.tf_h.argtypes = (c_short,)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_h(-32766), -10922)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), -32766)
+
+    def test_short_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bh.restype = c_short
+        self._dll.tf_bh.argtypes = (c_byte, c_short)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bh(0, -32766), -10922)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), -32766)
+
+    def test_ushort(self):
+        self._dll.tf_H.restype = c_ushort
+        self._dll.tf_H.argtypes = (c_ushort,)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_H(65535), 21845)
+        self.assertEqual(self.U(), 65535)
+
+    def test_ushort_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bH.restype = c_ushort
+        self._dll.tf_bH.argtypes = (c_byte, c_ushort)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bH(0, 65535), 21845)
+        self.assertEqual(self.U(), 65535)
+
+    def test_int(self):
+        self._dll.tf_i.restype = c_int
+        self._dll.tf_i.argtypes = (c_int,)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_i(-2147483646), -715827882)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), -2147483646)
+
+    def test_int_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bi.restype = c_int
+        self._dll.tf_bi.argtypes = (c_byte, c_int)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bi(0, -2147483646), -715827882)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), -2147483646)
+
+    def test_uint(self):
+        self._dll.tf_I.restype = c_uint
+        self._dll.tf_I.argtypes = (c_uint,)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_I(4294967295), 1431655765)
+        self.assertEqual(self.U(), 4294967295)
+
+    def test_uint_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bI.restype = c_uint
+        self._dll.tf_bI.argtypes = (c_byte, c_uint)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bI(0, 4294967295), 1431655765)
+        self.assertEqual(self.U(), 4294967295)
+
+    def test_long(self):
+        self._dll.tf_l.restype = c_long
+        self._dll.tf_l.argtypes = (c_long,)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_l(-2147483646), -715827882)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), -2147483646)
+
+    def test_long_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bl.restype = c_long
+        self._dll.tf_bl.argtypes = (c_byte, c_long)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bl(0, -2147483646), -715827882)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), -2147483646)
+
+    def test_ulong(self):
+        self._dll.tf_L.restype = c_ulong
+        self._dll.tf_L.argtypes = (c_ulong,)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_L(4294967295), 1431655765)
+        self.assertEqual(self.U(), 4294967295)
+
+    def test_ulong_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bL.restype = c_ulong
+        self._dll.tf_bL.argtypes = (c_char, c_ulong)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bL(b' ', 4294967295), 1431655765)
+        self.assertEqual(self.U(), 4294967295)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_longlong')
+    def test_longlong(self):
+        self._dll.tf_q.restype = c_longlong
+        self._dll.tf_q.argtypes = (c_longlong, )
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_q(-9223372036854775806), -3074457345618258602)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), -9223372036854775806)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_longlong')
+    def test_longlong_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bq.restype = c_longlong
+        self._dll.tf_bq.argtypes = (c_byte, c_longlong)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bq(0, -9223372036854775806), -3074457345618258602)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), -9223372036854775806)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_ulonglong')
+    def test_ulonglong(self):
+        self._dll.tf_Q.restype = c_ulonglong
+        self._dll.tf_Q.argtypes = (c_ulonglong, )
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_Q(18446744073709551615), 6148914691236517205)
+        self.assertEqual(self.U(), 18446744073709551615)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_ulonglong')
+    def test_ulonglong_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bQ.restype = c_ulonglong
+        self._dll.tf_bQ.argtypes = (c_byte, c_ulonglong)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bQ(0, 18446744073709551615), 6148914691236517205)
+        self.assertEqual(self.U(), 18446744073709551615)
+
+    def test_float(self):
+        self._dll.tf_f.restype = c_float
+        self._dll.tf_f.argtypes = (c_float,)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_f(-42.), -14.)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), -42)
+
+    def test_float_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bf.restype = c_float
+        self._dll.tf_bf.argtypes = (c_byte, c_float)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bf(0, -42.), -14.)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), -42)
+
+    def test_double(self):
+        self._dll.tf_d.restype = c_double
+        self._dll.tf_d.argtypes = (c_double,)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_d(42.), 14.)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), 42)
+
+    def test_double_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bd.restype = c_double
+        self._dll.tf_bd.argtypes = (c_byte, c_double)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bd(0, 42.), 14.)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), 42)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_longdouble')
+    def test_longdouble(self):
+        self._dll.tf_D.restype = c_longdouble
+        self._dll.tf_D.argtypes = (c_longdouble,)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_D(42.), 14.)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), 42)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_longdouble')
+    def test_longdouble_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bD.restype = c_longdouble
+        self._dll.tf_bD.argtypes = (c_byte, c_longdouble)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_bD(0, 42.), 14.)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), 42)
+
+    def test_callwithresult(self):
+        def process_result(result):
+            return result * 2
+        self._dll.tf_i.restype = process_result
+        self._dll.tf_i.argtypes = (c_int,)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_i(42), 28)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tf_i(-42), -28)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), -42)
+
+    def test_void(self):
+        self._dll.tv_i.restype = None
+        self._dll.tv_i.argtypes = (c_int,)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tv_i(42), None)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(self._dll.tv_i(-42), None)
+        self.assertEqual(self.S(), -42)
+
+# The following repeats the above tests with stdcall functions (where
+# they are available)
+try:
+    WinDLL
+except NameError:
+    def stdcall_dll(*_): pass
+else:
+    class stdcall_dll(WinDLL):
+        def __getattr__(self, name):
+            if name[:2] == '__' and name[-2:] == '__':
+                raise AttributeError(name)
+            func = self._FuncPtr(("s_" + name, self))
+            setattr(self, name, func)
+            return func
+
+@need_symbol('WinDLL')
+class stdcallCFunctions(CFunctions):
+    _dll = stdcall_dll(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_checkretval.py

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import unittest
+
+from ctypes import *
+from ctypes.test import need_symbol
+
+class CHECKED(c_int):
+    def _check_retval_(value):
+        # Receives a CHECKED instance.
+        return str(value.value)
+    _check_retval_ = staticmethod(_check_retval_)
+
+class Test(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_checkretval(self):
+
+        import _ctypes_test
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        self.assertEqual(42, dll._testfunc_p_p(42))
+
+        dll._testfunc_p_p.restype = CHECKED
+        self.assertEqual("42", dll._testfunc_p_p(42))
+
+        dll._testfunc_p_p.restype = None
+        self.assertEqual(None, dll._testfunc_p_p(42))
+
+        del dll._testfunc_p_p.restype
+        self.assertEqual(42, dll._testfunc_p_p(42))
+
+    @need_symbol('oledll')
+    def test_oledll(self):
+        self.assertRaises(OSError,
+                              oledll.oleaut32.CreateTypeLib2,
+                              0, None, None)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_delattr.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+class X(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("foo", c_int)]
+
+class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_simple(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError,
+                          delattr, c_int(42), "value")
+
+    def test_chararray(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError,
+                          delattr, (c_char * 5)(), "value")
+
+    def test_struct(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError,
+                          delattr, X(), "foo")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_errno.py

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import unittest, os, errno
+import threading
+
+from ctypes import *
+from ctypes.util import find_library
+
+class Test(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_open(self):
+        libc_name = find_library("c")
+        if libc_name is None:
+            raise unittest.SkipTest("Unable to find C library")
+        libc = CDLL(libc_name, use_errno=True)
+        if os.name == "nt":
+            libc_open = libc._open
+        else:
+            libc_open = libc.open
+
+        libc_open.argtypes = c_char_p, c_int
+
+        self.assertEqual(libc_open(b"", 0), -1)
+        self.assertEqual(get_errno(), errno.ENOENT)
+
+        self.assertEqual(set_errno(32), errno.ENOENT)
+        self.assertEqual(get_errno(), 32)
+
+        def _worker():
+            set_errno(0)
+
+            libc = CDLL(libc_name, use_errno=False)
+            if os.name == "nt":
+                libc_open = libc._open
+            else:
+                libc_open = libc.open
+            libc_open.argtypes = c_char_p, c_int
+            self.assertEqual(libc_open(b"", 0), -1)
+            self.assertEqual(get_errno(), 0)
+
+        t = threading.Thread(target=_worker)
+        t.start()
+        t.join()
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_errno(), 32)
+        set_errno(0)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == "nt", 'Test specific to Windows')
+    def test_GetLastError(self):
+        dll = WinDLL("kernel32", use_last_error=True)
+        GetModuleHandle = dll.GetModuleHandleA
+        GetModuleHandle.argtypes = [c_wchar_p]
+
+        self.assertEqual(0, GetModuleHandle("foo"))
+        self.assertEqual(get_last_error(), 126)
+
+        self.assertEqual(set_last_error(32), 126)
+        self.assertEqual(get_last_error(), 32)
+
+        def _worker():
+            set_last_error(0)
+
+            dll = WinDLL("kernel32", use_last_error=False)
+            GetModuleHandle = dll.GetModuleHandleW
+            GetModuleHandle.argtypes = [c_wchar_p]
+            GetModuleHandle("bar")
+
+            self.assertEqual(get_last_error(), 0)
+
+        t = threading.Thread(target=_worker)
+        t.start()
+        t.join()
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_last_error(), 32)
+
+        set_last_error(0)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_find.py

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+import unittest
+import unittest.mock
+import os.path
+import sys
+import test.support
+from test.support import os_helper
+from ctypes import *
+from ctypes.util import find_library
+
+# On some systems, loading the OpenGL libraries needs the RTLD_GLOBAL mode.
+class Test_OpenGL_libs(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        lib_gl = lib_glu = lib_gle = None
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            lib_gl = find_library("OpenGL32")
+            lib_glu = find_library("Glu32")
+        elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+            lib_gl = lib_glu = find_library("OpenGL")
+        else:
+            lib_gl = find_library("GL")
+            lib_glu = find_library("GLU")
+            lib_gle = find_library("gle")
+
+        ## print, for debugging
+        if test.support.verbose:
+            print("OpenGL libraries:")
+            for item in (("GL", lib_gl),
+                         ("GLU", lib_glu),
+                         ("gle", lib_gle)):
+                print("\t", item)
+
+        cls.gl = cls.glu = cls.gle = None
+        if lib_gl:
+            try:
+                cls.gl = CDLL(lib_gl, mode=RTLD_GLOBAL)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+        if lib_glu:
+            try:
+                cls.glu = CDLL(lib_glu, RTLD_GLOBAL)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+        if lib_gle:
+            try:
+                cls.gle = CDLL(lib_gle)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def tearDownClass(cls):
+        cls.gl = cls.glu = cls.gle = None
+
+    def test_gl(self):
+        if self.gl is None:
+            self.skipTest('lib_gl not available')
+        self.gl.glClearIndex
+
+    def test_glu(self):
+        if self.glu is None:
+            self.skipTest('lib_glu not available')
+        self.glu.gluBeginCurve
+
+    def test_gle(self):
+        if self.gle is None:
+            self.skipTest('lib_gle not available')
+        self.gle.gleGetJoinStyle
+
+    def test_shell_injection(self):
+        result = find_library('; echo Hello shell > ' + os_helper.TESTFN)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.lexists(os_helper.TESTFN))
+        self.assertIsNone(result)
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform.startswith('linux'),
+                     'Test only valid for Linux')
+class FindLibraryLinux(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_find_on_libpath(self):
+        import subprocess
+        import tempfile
+
+        try:
+            p = subprocess.Popen(['gcc', '--version'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                 stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+            out, _ = p.communicate()
+        except OSError:
+            raise unittest.SkipTest('gcc, needed for test, not available')
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as d:
+            # create an empty temporary file
+            srcname = os.path.join(d, 'dummy.c')
+            libname = 'py_ctypes_test_dummy'
+            dstname = os.path.join(d, 'lib%s.so' % libname)
+            with open(srcname, 'wb') as f:
+                pass
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(srcname))
+            # compile the file to a shared library
+            cmd = ['gcc', '-o', dstname, '--shared',
+                   '-Wl,-soname,lib%s.so' % libname, srcname]
+            out = subprocess.check_output(cmd)
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(dstname))
+            # now check that the .so can't be found (since not in
+            # LD_LIBRARY_PATH)
+            self.assertIsNone(find_library(libname))
+            # now add the location to LD_LIBRARY_PATH
+            with os_helper.EnvironmentVarGuard() as env:
+                KEY = 'LD_LIBRARY_PATH'
+                if KEY not in env:
+                    v = d
+                else:
+                    v = '%s:%s' % (env[KEY], d)
+                env.set(KEY, v)
+                # now check that the .so can be found (since in
+                # LD_LIBRARY_PATH)
+                self.assertEqual(find_library(libname), 'lib%s.so' % libname)
+
+    def test_find_library_with_gcc(self):
+        with unittest.mock.patch("ctypes.util._findSoname_ldconfig", lambda *args: None):
+            self.assertNotEqual(find_library('c'), None)
+
+    def test_find_library_with_ld(self):
+        with unittest.mock.patch("ctypes.util._findSoname_ldconfig", lambda *args: None), \
+             unittest.mock.patch("ctypes.util._findLib_gcc", lambda *args: None):
+            self.assertNotEqual(find_library('c'), None)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_frombuffer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import array
+import gc
+import unittest
+
+class X(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("c_int", c_int)]
+    init_called = False
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._init_called = True
+
+class Test(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_from_buffer(self):
+        a = array.array("i", range(16))
+        x = (c_int * 16).from_buffer(a)
+
+        y = X.from_buffer(a)
+        self.assertEqual(y.c_int, a[0])
+        self.assertFalse(y.init_called)
+
+        self.assertEqual(x[:], a.tolist())
+
+        a[0], a[-1] = 200, -200
+        self.assertEqual(x[:], a.tolist())
+
+        self.assertRaises(BufferError, a.append, 100)
+        self.assertRaises(BufferError, a.pop)
+
+        del x; del y; gc.collect(); gc.collect(); gc.collect()
+        a.append(100)
+        a.pop()
+        x = (c_int * 16).from_buffer(a)
+
+        self.assertIn(a, [obj.obj if isinstance(obj, memoryview) else obj
+                          for obj in x._objects.values()])
+
+        expected = x[:]
+        del a; gc.collect(); gc.collect(); gc.collect()
+        self.assertEqual(x[:], expected)
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "not writable"):
+            (c_char * 16).from_buffer(b"a" * 16)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "not writable"):
+            (c_char * 16).from_buffer(memoryview(b"a" * 16))
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "not C contiguous"):
+            (c_char * 16).from_buffer(memoryview(bytearray(b"a" * 16))[::-1])
+        msg = "bytes-like object is required"
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg):
+            (c_char * 16).from_buffer("a" * 16)
+
+    def test_fortran_contiguous(self):
+        try:
+            import _testbuffer
+        except ImportError as err:
+            self.skipTest(str(err))
+        flags = _testbuffer.ND_WRITABLE | _testbuffer.ND_FORTRAN
+        array = _testbuffer.ndarray(
+            [97] * 16, format="B", shape=[4, 4], flags=flags)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "not C contiguous"):
+            (c_char * 16).from_buffer(array)
+        array = memoryview(array)
+        self.assertTrue(array.f_contiguous)
+        self.assertFalse(array.c_contiguous)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "not C contiguous"):
+            (c_char * 16).from_buffer(array)
+
+    def test_from_buffer_with_offset(self):
+        a = array.array("i", range(16))
+        x = (c_int * 15).from_buffer(a, sizeof(c_int))
+
+        self.assertEqual(x[:], a.tolist()[1:])
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            c_int.from_buffer(a, -1)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            (c_int * 16).from_buffer(a, sizeof(c_int))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            (c_int * 1).from_buffer(a, 16 * sizeof(c_int))
+
+    def test_from_buffer_memoryview(self):
+        a = [c_char.from_buffer(memoryview(bytearray(b'a')))]
+        a.append(a)
+        del a
+        gc.collect()  # Should not crash
+
+    def test_from_buffer_copy(self):
+        a = array.array("i", range(16))
+        x = (c_int * 16).from_buffer_copy(a)
+
+        y = X.from_buffer_copy(a)
+        self.assertEqual(y.c_int, a[0])
+        self.assertFalse(y.init_called)
+
+        self.assertEqual(x[:], list(range(16)))
+
+        a[0], a[-1] = 200, -200
+        self.assertEqual(x[:], list(range(16)))
+
+        a.append(100)
+        self.assertEqual(x[:], list(range(16)))
+
+        self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
+
+        del a; gc.collect(); gc.collect(); gc.collect()
+        self.assertEqual(x[:], list(range(16)))
+
+        x = (c_char * 16).from_buffer_copy(b"a" * 16)
+        self.assertEqual(x[:], b"a" * 16)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            (c_char * 16).from_buffer_copy("a" * 16)
+
+    def test_from_buffer_copy_with_offset(self):
+        a = array.array("i", range(16))
+        x = (c_int * 15).from_buffer_copy(a, sizeof(c_int))
+
+        self.assertEqual(x[:], a.tolist()[1:])
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            c_int.from_buffer_copy(a, -1)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            (c_int * 16).from_buffer_copy(a, sizeof(c_int))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            (c_int * 1).from_buffer_copy(a, 16 * sizeof(c_int))
+
+    def test_abstract(self):
+        from ctypes import _Pointer, _SimpleCData, _CFuncPtr
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Array.from_buffer, bytearray(10))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Structure.from_buffer, bytearray(10))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Union.from_buffer, bytearray(10))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, _CFuncPtr.from_buffer, bytearray(10))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, _Pointer.from_buffer, bytearray(10))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, _SimpleCData.from_buffer, bytearray(10))
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Array.from_buffer_copy, b"123")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Structure.from_buffer_copy, b"123")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Union.from_buffer_copy, b"123")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, _CFuncPtr.from_buffer_copy, b"123")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, _Pointer.from_buffer_copy, b"123")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, _SimpleCData.from_buffer_copy, b"123")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_funcptr.py

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+try:
+    WINFUNCTYPE
+except NameError:
+    # fake to enable this test on Linux
+    WINFUNCTYPE = CFUNCTYPE
+
+import _ctypes_test
+lib = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+class CFuncPtrTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_basic(self):
+        X = WINFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int)
+
+        def func(*args):
+            return len(args)
+
+        x = X(func)
+        self.assertEqual(x.restype, c_int)
+        self.assertEqual(x.argtypes, (c_int, c_int))
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(x), sizeof(c_voidp))
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_voidp))
+
+    def test_first(self):
+        StdCallback = WINFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int)
+        CdeclCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int)
+
+        def func(a, b):
+            return a + b
+
+        s = StdCallback(func)
+        c = CdeclCallback(func)
+
+        self.assertEqual(s(1, 2), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(c(1, 2), 3)
+        # The following no longer raises a TypeError - it is now
+        # possible, as in C, to call cdecl functions with more parameters.
+        #self.assertRaises(TypeError, c, 1, 2, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), 3)
+        if not WINFUNCTYPE is CFUNCTYPE:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, s, 1, 2, 3)
+
+    def test_structures(self):
+        WNDPROC = WINFUNCTYPE(c_long, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int)
+
+        def wndproc(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam):
+            return hwnd + msg + wParam + lParam
+
+        HINSTANCE = c_int
+        HICON = c_int
+        HCURSOR = c_int
+        LPCTSTR = c_char_p
+
+        class WNDCLASS(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("style", c_uint),
+                        ("lpfnWndProc", WNDPROC),
+                        ("cbClsExtra", c_int),
+                        ("cbWndExtra", c_int),
+                        ("hInstance", HINSTANCE),
+                        ("hIcon", HICON),
+                        ("hCursor", HCURSOR),
+                        ("lpszMenuName", LPCTSTR),
+                        ("lpszClassName", LPCTSTR)]
+
+        wndclass = WNDCLASS()
+        wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WNDPROC(wndproc)
+
+        WNDPROC_2 = WINFUNCTYPE(c_long, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int)
+
+        # This is no longer true, now that WINFUNCTYPE caches created types internally.
+        ## # CFuncPtr subclasses are compared by identity, so this raises a TypeError:
+        ## self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, wndclass,
+        ##                  "lpfnWndProc", WNDPROC_2(wndproc))
+        # instead:
+
+        self.assertIs(WNDPROC, WNDPROC_2)
+        # 'wndclass.lpfnWndProc' leaks 94 references.  Why?
+        self.assertEqual(wndclass.lpfnWndProc(1, 2, 3, 4), 10)
+
+
+        f = wndclass.lpfnWndProc
+
+        del wndclass
+        del wndproc
+
+        self.assertEqual(f(10, 11, 12, 13), 46)
+
+    def test_dllfunctions(self):
+
+        def NoNullHandle(value):
+            if not value:
+                raise WinError()
+            return value
+
+        strchr = lib.my_strchr
+        strchr.restype = c_char_p
+        strchr.argtypes = (c_char_p, c_char)
+        self.assertEqual(strchr(b"abcdefghi", b"b"), b"bcdefghi")
+        self.assertEqual(strchr(b"abcdefghi", b"x"), None)
+
+
+        strtok = lib.my_strtok
+        strtok.restype = c_char_p
+        # Neither of this does work: strtok changes the buffer it is passed
+##        strtok.argtypes = (c_char_p, c_char_p)
+##        strtok.argtypes = (c_string, c_char_p)
+
+        def c_string(init):
+            size = len(init) + 1
+            return (c_char*size)(*init)
+
+        s = b"a\nb\nc"
+        b = c_string(s)
+
+##        b = (c_char * (len(s)+1))()
+##        b.value = s
+
+##        b = c_string(s)
+        self.assertEqual(strtok(b, b"\n"), b"a")
+        self.assertEqual(strtok(None, b"\n"), b"b")
+        self.assertEqual(strtok(None, b"\n"), b"c")
+        self.assertEqual(strtok(None, b"\n"), None)
+
+    def test_abstract(self):
+        from ctypes import _CFuncPtr
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, _CFuncPtr, 13, "name", 42, "iid")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_functions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+"""
+Here is probably the place to write the docs, since the test-cases
+show how the type behave.
+
+Later...
+"""
+
+from ctypes import *
+from ctypes.test import need_symbol
+import sys, unittest
+
+try:
+    WINFUNCTYPE
+except NameError:
+    # fake to enable this test on Linux
+    WINFUNCTYPE = CFUNCTYPE
+
+import _ctypes_test
+dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    windll = WinDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+class POINT(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
+class RECT(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("left", c_int), ("top", c_int),
+                ("right", c_int), ("bottom", c_int)]
+class FunctionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_mro(self):
+        # in Python 2.3, this raises TypeError: MRO conflict among bases classes,
+        # in Python 2.2 it works.
+        #
+        # But in early versions of _ctypes.c, the result of tp_new
+        # wasn't checked, and it even crashed Python.
+        # Found by Greg Chapman.
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class X(object, Array):
+                _length_ = 5
+                _type_ = "i"
+
+        from _ctypes import _Pointer
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class X(object, _Pointer):
+                pass
+
+        from _ctypes import _SimpleCData
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class X(object, _SimpleCData):
+                _type_ = "i"
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class X(object, Structure):
+                _fields_ = []
+
+    @need_symbol('c_wchar')
+    def test_wchar_parm(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_i_bhilfd
+        f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_wchar, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
+        result = f(1, "x", 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
+        self.assertEqual(result, 139)
+        self.assertEqual(type(result), int)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_wchar')
+    def test_wchar_result(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_i_bhilfd
+        f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
+        f.restype = c_wchar
+        result = f(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(result, '\x00')
+
+    def test_voidresult(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_v
+        f.restype = None
+        f.argtypes = [c_int, c_int, POINTER(c_int)]
+        result = c_int()
+        self.assertEqual(None, f(1, 2, byref(result)))
+        self.assertEqual(result.value, 3)
+
+    def test_intresult(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_i_bhilfd
+        f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
+        f.restype = c_int
+        result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
+        self.assertEqual(result, 21)
+        self.assertEqual(type(result), int)
+
+        result = f(-1, -2, -3, -4, -5.0, -6.0)
+        self.assertEqual(result, -21)
+        self.assertEqual(type(result), int)
+
+        # If we declare the function to return a short,
+        # is the high part split off?
+        f.restype = c_short
+        result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
+        self.assertEqual(result, 21)
+        self.assertEqual(type(result), int)
+
+        result = f(1, 2, 3, 0x10004, 5.0, 6.0)
+        self.assertEqual(result, 21)
+        self.assertEqual(type(result), int)
+
+        # You cannot assign character format codes as restype any longer
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, f, "restype", "i")
+
+    def test_floatresult(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_f_bhilfd
+        f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
+        f.restype = c_float
+        result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
+        self.assertEqual(result, 21)
+        self.assertEqual(type(result), float)
+
+        result = f(-1, -2, -3, -4, -5.0, -6.0)
+        self.assertEqual(result, -21)
+        self.assertEqual(type(result), float)
+
+    def test_doubleresult(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_d_bhilfd
+        f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
+        f.restype = c_double
+        result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
+        self.assertEqual(result, 21)
+        self.assertEqual(type(result), float)
+
+        result = f(-1, -2, -3, -4, -5.0, -6.0)
+        self.assertEqual(result, -21)
+        self.assertEqual(type(result), float)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_longdouble')
+    def test_longdoubleresult(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_D_bhilfD
+        f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_longdouble]
+        f.restype = c_longdouble
+        result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
+        self.assertEqual(result, 21)
+        self.assertEqual(type(result), float)
+
+        result = f(-1, -2, -3, -4, -5.0, -6.0)
+        self.assertEqual(result, -21)
+        self.assertEqual(type(result), float)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_longlong')
+    def test_longlongresult(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_q_bhilfd
+        f.restype = c_longlong
+        f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
+        result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
+        self.assertEqual(result, 21)
+
+        f = dll._testfunc_q_bhilfdq
+        f.restype = c_longlong
+        f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double, c_longlong]
+        result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0, 21)
+        self.assertEqual(result, 42)
+
+    def test_stringresult(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_p_p
+        f.argtypes = None
+        f.restype = c_char_p
+        result = f(b"123")
+        self.assertEqual(result, b"123")
+
+        result = f(None)
+        self.assertEqual(result, None)
+
+    def test_pointers(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_p_p
+        f.restype = POINTER(c_int)
+        f.argtypes = [POINTER(c_int)]
+
+        # This only works if the value c_int(42) passed to the
+        # function is still alive while the pointer (the result) is
+        # used.
+
+        v = c_int(42)
+
+        self.assertEqual(pointer(v).contents.value, 42)
+        result = f(pointer(v))
+        self.assertEqual(type(result), POINTER(c_int))
+        self.assertEqual(result.contents.value, 42)
+
+        # This on works...
+        result = f(pointer(v))
+        self.assertEqual(result.contents.value, v.value)
+
+        p = pointer(c_int(99))
+        result = f(p)
+        self.assertEqual(result.contents.value, 99)
+
+        arg = byref(v)
+        result = f(arg)
+        self.assertNotEqual(result.contents, v.value)
+
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, f, byref(c_short(22)))
+
+        # It is dangerous, however, because you don't control the lifetime
+        # of the pointer:
+        result = f(byref(c_int(99)))
+        self.assertNotEqual(result.contents, 99)
+
+    ################################################################
+    def test_shorts(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
+
+        args = []
+        expected = [262144, 131072, 65536, 32768, 16384, 8192, 4096, 2048,
+                    1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1]
+
+        def callback(v):
+            args.append(v)
+            return v
+
+        CallBack = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)
+
+        cb = CallBack(callback)
+        f(2**18, cb)
+        self.assertEqual(args, expected)
+
+    ################################################################
+
+
+    def test_callbacks(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
+        f.restype = c_int
+        f.argtypes = None
+
+        MyCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)
+
+        def callback(value):
+            #print "called back with", value
+            return value
+
+        cb = MyCallback(callback)
+        result = f(-10, cb)
+        self.assertEqual(result, -18)
+
+        # test with prototype
+        f.argtypes = [c_int, MyCallback]
+        cb = MyCallback(callback)
+        result = f(-10, cb)
+        self.assertEqual(result, -18)
+
+        AnotherCallback = WINFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int)
+
+        # check that the prototype works: we call f with wrong
+        # argument types
+        cb = AnotherCallback(callback)
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, f, -10, cb)
+
+
+    def test_callbacks_2(self):
+        # Can also use simple datatypes as argument type specifiers
+        # for the callback function.
+        # In this case the call receives an instance of that type
+        f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
+        f.restype = c_int
+
+        MyCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)
+
+        f.argtypes = [c_int, MyCallback]
+
+        def callback(value):
+            #print "called back with", value
+            self.assertEqual(type(value), int)
+            return value
+
+        cb = MyCallback(callback)
+        result = f(-10, cb)
+        self.assertEqual(result, -18)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_longlong')
+    def test_longlong_callbacks(self):
+
+        f = dll._testfunc_callback_q_qf
+        f.restype = c_longlong
+
+        MyCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_longlong, c_longlong)
+
+        f.argtypes = [c_longlong, MyCallback]
+
+        def callback(value):
+            self.assertIsInstance(value, int)
+            return value & 0x7FFFFFFF
+
+        cb = MyCallback(callback)
+
+        self.assertEqual(13577625587, f(1000000000000, cb))
+
+    def test_errors(self):
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, dll, "_xxx_yyy")
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, c_int.in_dll, dll, "_xxx_yyy")
+
+    def test_byval(self):
+
+        # without prototype
+        ptin = POINT(1, 2)
+        ptout = POINT()
+        # EXPORT int _testfunc_byval(point in, point *pout)
+        result = dll._testfunc_byval(ptin, byref(ptout))
+        got = result, ptout.x, ptout.y
+        expected = 3, 1, 2
+        self.assertEqual(got, expected)
+
+        # with prototype
+        ptin = POINT(101, 102)
+        ptout = POINT()
+        dll._testfunc_byval.argtypes = (POINT, POINTER(POINT))
+        dll._testfunc_byval.restype = c_int
+        result = dll._testfunc_byval(ptin, byref(ptout))
+        got = result, ptout.x, ptout.y
+        expected = 203, 101, 102
+        self.assertEqual(got, expected)
+
+    def test_struct_return_2H(self):
+        class S2H(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_short),
+                        ("y", c_short)]
+        dll.ret_2h_func.restype = S2H
+        dll.ret_2h_func.argtypes = [S2H]
+        inp = S2H(99, 88)
+        s2h = dll.ret_2h_func(inp)
+        self.assertEqual((s2h.x, s2h.y), (99*2, 88*3))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'Windows-specific test')
+    def test_struct_return_2H_stdcall(self):
+        class S2H(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_short),
+                        ("y", c_short)]
+
+        windll.s_ret_2h_func.restype = S2H
+        windll.s_ret_2h_func.argtypes = [S2H]
+        s2h = windll.s_ret_2h_func(S2H(99, 88))
+        self.assertEqual((s2h.x, s2h.y), (99*2, 88*3))
+
+    def test_struct_return_8H(self):
+        class S8I(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int),
+                        ("b", c_int),
+                        ("c", c_int),
+                        ("d", c_int),
+                        ("e", c_int),
+                        ("f", c_int),
+                        ("g", c_int),
+                        ("h", c_int)]
+        dll.ret_8i_func.restype = S8I
+        dll.ret_8i_func.argtypes = [S8I]
+        inp = S8I(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2)
+        s8i = dll.ret_8i_func(inp)
+        self.assertEqual((s8i.a, s8i.b, s8i.c, s8i.d, s8i.e, s8i.f, s8i.g, s8i.h),
+                             (9*2, 8*3, 7*4, 6*5, 5*6, 4*7, 3*8, 2*9))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'Windows-specific test')
+    def test_struct_return_8H_stdcall(self):
+        class S8I(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int),
+                        ("b", c_int),
+                        ("c", c_int),
+                        ("d", c_int),
+                        ("e", c_int),
+                        ("f", c_int),
+                        ("g", c_int),
+                        ("h", c_int)]
+        windll.s_ret_8i_func.restype = S8I
+        windll.s_ret_8i_func.argtypes = [S8I]
+        inp = S8I(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2)
+        s8i = windll.s_ret_8i_func(inp)
+        self.assertEqual(
+                (s8i.a, s8i.b, s8i.c, s8i.d, s8i.e, s8i.f, s8i.g, s8i.h),
+                (9*2, 8*3, 7*4, 6*5, 5*6, 4*7, 3*8, 2*9))
+
+    def test_sf1651235(self):
+        # see https://www.python.org/sf/1651235
+
+        proto = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, RECT, POINT)
+        def callback(*args):
+            return 0
+
+        callback = proto(callback)
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, lambda: callback((1, 2, 3, 4), POINT()))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_incomplete.py

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+################################################################
+#
+# The incomplete pointer example from the tutorial
+#
+
+class MyTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_incomplete_example(self):
+        lpcell = POINTER("cell")
+        class cell(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("name", c_char_p),
+                        ("next", lpcell)]
+
+        SetPointerType(lpcell, cell)
+
+        c1 = cell()
+        c1.name = b"foo"
+        c2 = cell()
+        c2.name = b"bar"
+
+        c1.next = pointer(c2)
+        c2.next = pointer(c1)
+
+        p = c1
+
+        result = []
+        for i in range(8):
+            result.append(p.name)
+            p = p.next[0]
+        self.assertEqual(result, [b"foo", b"bar"] * 4)
+
+        # to not leak references, we must clean _pointer_type_cache
+        from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
+        del _pointer_type_cache[cell]
+
+################################################################
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_init.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest
+
+class X(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("a", c_int),
+                ("b", c_int)]
+    new_was_called = False
+
+    def __new__(cls):
+        result = super().__new__(cls)
+        result.new_was_called = True
+        return result
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.a = 9
+        self.b = 12
+
+class Y(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("x", X)]
+
+
+class InitTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_get(self):
+        # make sure the only accessing a nested structure
+        # doesn't call the structure's __new__ and __init__
+        y = Y()
+        self.assertEqual((y.x.a, y.x.b), (0, 0))
+        self.assertEqual(y.x.new_was_called, False)
+
+        # But explicitly creating an X structure calls __new__ and __init__, of course.
+        x = X()
+        self.assertEqual((x.a, x.b), (9, 12))
+        self.assertEqual(x.new_was_called, True)
+
+        y.x = x
+        self.assertEqual((y.x.a, y.x.b), (9, 12))
+        self.assertEqual(y.x.new_was_called, False)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_internals.py

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# This tests the internal _objects attribute
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+from sys import getrefcount as grc
+
+# XXX This test must be reviewed for correctness!!!
+
+# ctypes' types are container types.
+#
+# They have an internal memory block, which only consists of some bytes,
+# but it has to keep references to other objects as well. This is not
+# really needed for trivial C types like int or char, but it is important
+# for aggregate types like strings or pointers in particular.
+#
+# What about pointers?
+
+class ObjectsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def assertSame(self, a, b):
+        self.assertEqual(id(a), id(b))
+
+    def test_ints(self):
+        i = 42000123
+        refcnt = grc(i)
+        ci = c_int(i)
+        self.assertEqual(refcnt, grc(i))
+        self.assertEqual(ci._objects, None)
+
+    def test_c_char_p(self):
+        s = b"Hello, World"
+        refcnt = grc(s)
+        cs = c_char_p(s)
+        self.assertEqual(refcnt + 1, grc(s))
+        self.assertSame(cs._objects, s)
+
+    def test_simple_struct(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int), ("b", c_int)]
+
+        a = 421234
+        b = 421235
+        x = X()
+        self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
+        x.a = a
+        x.b = b
+        self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
+
+    def test_embedded_structs(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int), ("b", c_int)]
+
+        class Y(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", X), ("y", X)]
+
+        y = Y()
+        self.assertEqual(y._objects, None)
+
+        x1, x2 = X(), X()
+        y.x, y.y = x1, x2
+        self.assertEqual(y._objects, {"0": {}, "1": {}})
+        x1.a, x2.b = 42, 93
+        self.assertEqual(y._objects, {"0": {}, "1": {}})
+
+    def test_xxx(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_char_p), ("b", c_char_p)]
+
+        class Y(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", X), ("y", X)]
+
+        s1 = b"Hello, World"
+        s2 = b"Hallo, Welt"
+
+        x = X()
+        x.a = s1
+        x.b = s2
+        self.assertEqual(x._objects, {"0": s1, "1": s2})
+
+        y = Y()
+        y.x = x
+        self.assertEqual(y._objects, {"0": {"0": s1, "1": s2}})
+##        x = y.x
+##        del y
+##        print x._b_base_._objects
+
+    def test_ptr_struct(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("data", POINTER(c_int))]
+
+        A = c_int*4
+        a = A(11, 22, 33, 44)
+        self.assertEqual(a._objects, None)
+
+        x = X()
+        x.data = a
+##XXX        print x._objects
+##XXX        print x.data[0]
+##XXX        print x.data._objects
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_keeprefs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest
+
+class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_cint(self):
+        x = c_int()
+        self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
+        x.value = 42
+        self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
+        x = c_int(99)
+        self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
+
+    def test_ccharp(self):
+        x = c_char_p()
+        self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
+        x.value = b"abc"
+        self.assertEqual(x._objects, b"abc")
+        x = c_char_p(b"spam")
+        self.assertEqual(x._objects, b"spam")
+
+class StructureTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_cint_struct(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int),
+                        ("b", c_int)]
+
+        x = X()
+        self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
+        x.a = 42
+        x.b = 99
+        self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
+
+    def test_ccharp_struct(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_char_p),
+                        ("b", c_char_p)]
+        x = X()
+        self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
+
+        x.a = b"spam"
+        x.b = b"foo"
+        self.assertEqual(x._objects, {"0": b"spam", "1": b"foo"})
+
+    def test_struct_struct(self):
+        class POINT(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
+        class RECT(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("ul", POINT), ("lr", POINT)]
+
+        r = RECT()
+        r.ul.x = 0
+        r.ul.y = 1
+        r.lr.x = 2
+        r.lr.y = 3
+        self.assertEqual(r._objects, None)
+
+        r = RECT()
+        pt = POINT(1, 2)
+        r.ul = pt
+        self.assertEqual(r._objects, {'0': {}})
+        r.ul.x = 22
+        r.ul.y = 44
+        self.assertEqual(r._objects, {'0': {}})
+        r.lr = POINT()
+        self.assertEqual(r._objects, {'0': {}, '1': {}})
+
+class ArrayTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_cint_array(self):
+        INTARR = c_int * 3
+
+        ia = INTARR()
+        self.assertEqual(ia._objects, None)
+        ia[0] = 1
+        ia[1] = 2
+        ia[2] = 3
+        self.assertEqual(ia._objects, None)
+
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int),
+                        ("a", INTARR)]
+
+        x = X()
+        x.x = 1000
+        x.a[0] = 42
+        x.a[1] = 96
+        self.assertEqual(x._objects, None)
+        x.a = ia
+        self.assertEqual(x._objects, {'1': {}})
+
+class PointerTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_p_cint(self):
+        i = c_int(42)
+        x = pointer(i)
+        self.assertEqual(x._objects, {'1': i})
+
+class DeletePointerTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    @unittest.skip('test disabled')
+    def test_X(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("p", POINTER(c_char_p))]
+        x = X()
+        i = c_char_p("abc def")
+        from sys import getrefcount as grc
+        print("2?", grc(i))
+        x.p = pointer(i)
+        print("3?", grc(i))
+        for i in range(320):
+            c_int(99)
+            x.p[0]
+        print(x.p[0])
+##        del x
+##        print "2?", grc(i)
+##        del i
+        import gc
+        gc.collect()
+        for i in range(320):
+            c_int(99)
+            x.p[0]
+        print(x.p[0])
+        print(x.p.contents)
+##        print x._objects
+
+        x.p[0] = "spam spam"
+##        print x.p[0]
+        print("+" * 42)
+        print(x._objects)
+
+class PointerToStructure(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test(self):
+        class POINT(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
+        class RECT(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", POINTER(POINT)),
+                        ("b", POINTER(POINT))]
+        r = RECT()
+        p1 = POINT(1, 2)
+
+        r.a = pointer(p1)
+        r.b = pointer(p1)
+##        from pprint import pprint as pp
+##        pp(p1._objects)
+##        pp(r._objects)
+
+        r.a[0].x = 42
+        r.a[0].y = 99
+
+        # to avoid leaking when tests are run several times
+        # clean up the types left in the cache.
+        from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
+        del _pointer_type_cache[POINT]
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_libc.py

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import unittest
+
+from ctypes import *
+import _ctypes_test
+
+lib = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+def three_way_cmp(x, y):
+    """Return -1 if x < y, 0 if x == y and 1 if x > y"""
+    return (x > y) - (x < y)
+
+class LibTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_sqrt(self):
+        lib.my_sqrt.argtypes = c_double,
+        lib.my_sqrt.restype = c_double
+        self.assertEqual(lib.my_sqrt(4.0), 2.0)
+        import math
+        self.assertEqual(lib.my_sqrt(2.0), math.sqrt(2.0))
+
+    def test_qsort(self):
+        comparefunc = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(c_char), POINTER(c_char))
+        lib.my_qsort.argtypes = c_void_p, c_size_t, c_size_t, comparefunc
+        lib.my_qsort.restype = None
+
+        def sort(a, b):
+            return three_way_cmp(a[0], b[0])
+
+        chars = create_string_buffer(b"spam, spam, and spam")
+        lib.my_qsort(chars, len(chars)-1, sizeof(c_char), comparefunc(sort))
+        self.assertEqual(chars.raw, b"   ,,aaaadmmmnpppsss\x00")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_loading.py

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import unittest
+import test.support
+from test.support import import_helper
+from test.support import os_helper
+from ctypes.util import find_library
+
+libc_name = None
+
+def setUpModule():
+    global libc_name
+    if os.name == "nt":
+        libc_name = find_library("c")
+    elif sys.platform == "cygwin":
+        libc_name = "cygwin1.dll"
+    else:
+        libc_name = find_library("c")
+
+    if test.support.verbose:
+        print("libc_name is", libc_name)
+
+class LoaderTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    unknowndll = "xxrandomnamexx"
+
+    def test_load(self):
+        if libc_name is None:
+            self.skipTest('could not find libc')
+        CDLL(libc_name)
+        CDLL(os.path.basename(libc_name))
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, CDLL, self.unknowndll)
+
+    def test_load_version(self):
+        if libc_name is None:
+            self.skipTest('could not find libc')
+        if os.path.basename(libc_name) != 'libc.so.6':
+            self.skipTest('wrong libc path for test')
+        cdll.LoadLibrary("libc.so.6")
+        # linux uses version, libc 9 should not exist
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, cdll.LoadLibrary, "libc.so.9")
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, cdll.LoadLibrary, self.unknowndll)
+
+    def test_find(self):
+        for name in ("c", "m"):
+            lib = find_library(name)
+            if lib:
+                cdll.LoadLibrary(lib)
+                CDLL(lib)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == "nt",
+                         'test specific to Windows')
+    def test_load_library(self):
+        # CRT is no longer directly loadable. See issue23606 for the
+        # discussion about alternative approaches.
+        #self.assertIsNotNone(libc_name)
+        if test.support.verbose:
+            print(find_library("kernel32"))
+            print(find_library("user32"))
+
+        if os.name == "nt":
+            windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleW
+            windll["kernel32"].GetModuleHandleW
+            windll.LoadLibrary("kernel32").GetModuleHandleW
+            WinDLL("kernel32").GetModuleHandleW
+            # embedded null character
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, windll.LoadLibrary, "kernel32\0")
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == "nt",
+                         'test specific to Windows')
+    def test_load_ordinal_functions(self):
+        import _ctypes_test
+        dll = WinDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        # We load the same function both via ordinal and name
+        func_ord = dll[2]
+        func_name = dll.GetString
+        # addressof gets the address where the function pointer is stored
+        a_ord = addressof(func_ord)
+        a_name = addressof(func_name)
+        f_ord_addr = c_void_p.from_address(a_ord).value
+        f_name_addr = c_void_p.from_address(a_name).value
+        self.assertEqual(hex(f_ord_addr), hex(f_name_addr))
+
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, dll.__getitem__, 1234)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == "nt", 'Windows-specific test')
+    def test_1703286_A(self):
+        from _ctypes import LoadLibrary, FreeLibrary
+        # On winXP 64-bit, advapi32 loads at an address that does
+        # NOT fit into a 32-bit integer.  FreeLibrary must be able
+        # to accept this address.
+
+        # These are tests for https://www.python.org/sf/1703286
+        handle = LoadLibrary("advapi32")
+        FreeLibrary(handle)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == "nt", 'Windows-specific test')
+    def test_1703286_B(self):
+        # Since on winXP 64-bit advapi32 loads like described
+        # above, the (arbitrarily selected) CloseEventLog function
+        # also has a high address.  'call_function' should accept
+        # addresses so large.
+        from _ctypes import call_function
+        advapi32 = windll.advapi32
+        # Calling CloseEventLog with a NULL argument should fail,
+        # but the call should not segfault or so.
+        self.assertEqual(0, advapi32.CloseEventLog(None))
+        windll.kernel32.GetProcAddress.argtypes = c_void_p, c_char_p
+        windll.kernel32.GetProcAddress.restype = c_void_p
+        proc = windll.kernel32.GetProcAddress(advapi32._handle,
+                                              b"CloseEventLog")
+        self.assertTrue(proc)
+        # This is the real test: call the function via 'call_function'
+        self.assertEqual(0, call_function(proc, (None,)))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == "nt",
+                         'test specific to Windows')
+    def test_load_dll_with_flags(self):
+        _sqlite3 = import_helper.import_module("_sqlite3")
+        src = _sqlite3.__file__
+        if src.lower().endswith("_d.pyd"):
+            ext = "_d.dll"
+        else:
+            ext = ".dll"
+
+        with os_helper.temp_dir() as tmp:
+            # We copy two files and load _sqlite3.dll (formerly .pyd),
+            # which has a dependency on sqlite3.dll. Then we test
+            # loading it in subprocesses to avoid it starting in memory
+            # for each test.
+            target = os.path.join(tmp, "_sqlite3.dll")
+            shutil.copy(src, target)
+            shutil.copy(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(src), "sqlite3" + ext),
+                        os.path.join(tmp, "sqlite3" + ext))
+
+            def should_pass(command):
+                with self.subTest(command):
+                    subprocess.check_output(
+                        [sys.executable, "-c",
+                         "from ctypes import *; import nt;" + command],
+                        cwd=tmp
+                    )
+
+            def should_fail(command):
+                with self.subTest(command):
+                    with self.assertRaises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+                        subprocess.check_output(
+                            [sys.executable, "-c",
+                             "from ctypes import *; import nt;" + command],
+                            cwd=tmp, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
+                        )
+
+            # Default load should not find this in CWD
+            should_fail("WinDLL('_sqlite3.dll')")
+
+            # Relative path (but not just filename) should succeed
+            should_pass("WinDLL('./_sqlite3.dll')")
+
+            # Insecure load flags should succeed
+            # Clear the DLL directory to avoid safe search settings propagating
+            should_pass("windll.kernel32.SetDllDirectoryW(None); WinDLL('_sqlite3.dll', winmode=0)")
+
+            # Full path load without DLL_LOAD_DIR shouldn't find dependency
+            should_fail("WinDLL(nt._getfullpathname('_sqlite3.dll'), " +
+                        "winmode=nt._LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32)")
+
+            # Full path load with DLL_LOAD_DIR should succeed
+            should_pass("WinDLL(nt._getfullpathname('_sqlite3.dll'), " +
+                        "winmode=nt._LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32|" +
+                        "nt._LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_DLL_LOAD_DIR)")
+
+            # User-specified directory should succeed
+            should_pass("import os; p = os.add_dll_directory(os.getcwd());" +
+                        "WinDLL('_sqlite3.dll'); p.close()")
+
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_macholib.py

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import unittest
+
+# Bob Ippolito:
+#
+# Ok.. the code to find the filename for __getattr__ should look
+# something like:
+#
+# import os
+# from macholib.dyld import dyld_find
+#
+# def find_lib(name):
+#      possible = ['lib'+name+'.dylib', name+'.dylib',
+#      name+'.framework/'+name]
+#      for dylib in possible:
+#          try:
+#              return os.path.realpath(dyld_find(dylib))
+#          except ValueError:
+#              pass
+#      raise ValueError, "%s not found" % (name,)
+#
+# It'll have output like this:
+#
+#  >>> find_lib('pthread')
+# '/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib'
+#  >>> find_lib('z')
+# '/usr/lib/libz.1.dylib'
+#  >>> find_lib('IOKit')
+# '/System/Library/Frameworks/IOKit.framework/Versions/A/IOKit'
+#
+# -bob
+
+from ctypes.macholib.dyld import dyld_find
+from ctypes.macholib.dylib import dylib_info
+from ctypes.macholib.framework import framework_info
+
+def find_lib(name):
+    possible = ['lib'+name+'.dylib', name+'.dylib', name+'.framework/'+name]
+    for dylib in possible:
+        try:
+            return os.path.realpath(dyld_find(dylib))
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+    raise ValueError("%s not found" % (name,))
+
+
+def d(location=None, name=None, shortname=None, version=None, suffix=None):
+    return {'location': location, 'name': name, 'shortname': shortname,
+            'version': version, 'suffix': suffix}
+
+
+class MachOTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "darwin", 'OSX-specific test')
+    def test_find(self):
+        self.assertEqual(dyld_find('libSystem.dylib'),
+                         '/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib')
+        self.assertEqual(dyld_find('System.framework/System'),
+                         '/System/Library/Frameworks/System.framework/System')
+
+        # On Mac OS 11, system dylibs are only present in the shared cache,
+        # so symlinks like libpthread.dylib -> libSystem.B.dylib will not
+        # be resolved by dyld_find
+        self.assertIn(find_lib('pthread'),
+                              ('/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib', '/usr/lib/libpthread.dylib'))
+
+        result = find_lib('z')
+        # Issue #21093: dyld default search path includes $HOME/lib and
+        # /usr/local/lib before /usr/lib, which caused test failures if
+        # a local copy of libz exists in one of them. Now ignore the head
+        # of the path.
+        self.assertRegex(result, r".*/lib/libz.*\.dylib")
+
+        self.assertIn(find_lib('IOKit'),
+                              ('/System/Library/Frameworks/IOKit.framework/Versions/A/IOKit',
+                              '/System/Library/Frameworks/IOKit.framework/IOKit'))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "darwin", 'OSX-specific test')
+    def test_info(self):
+        self.assertIsNone(dylib_info('completely/invalid'))
+        self.assertIsNone(dylib_info('completely/invalide_debug'))
+        self.assertEqual(dylib_info('P/Foo.dylib'), d('P', 'Foo.dylib', 'Foo'))
+        self.assertEqual(dylib_info('P/Foo_debug.dylib'),
+                         d('P', 'Foo_debug.dylib', 'Foo', suffix='debug'))
+        self.assertEqual(dylib_info('P/Foo.A.dylib'),
+                         d('P', 'Foo.A.dylib', 'Foo', 'A'))
+        self.assertEqual(dylib_info('P/Foo_debug.A.dylib'),
+                         d('P', 'Foo_debug.A.dylib', 'Foo_debug', 'A'))
+        self.assertEqual(dylib_info('P/Foo.A_debug.dylib'),
+                         d('P', 'Foo.A_debug.dylib', 'Foo', 'A', 'debug'))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "darwin", 'OSX-specific test')
+    def test_framework_info(self):
+        self.assertIsNone(framework_info('completely/invalid'))
+        self.assertIsNone(framework_info('completely/invalid/_debug'))
+        self.assertIsNone(framework_info('P/F.framework'))
+        self.assertIsNone(framework_info('P/F.framework/_debug'))
+        self.assertEqual(framework_info('P/F.framework/F'),
+                         d('P', 'F.framework/F', 'F'))
+        self.assertEqual(framework_info('P/F.framework/F_debug'),
+                         d('P', 'F.framework/F_debug', 'F', suffix='debug'))
+        self.assertIsNone(framework_info('P/F.framework/Versions'))
+        self.assertIsNone(framework_info('P/F.framework/Versions/A'))
+        self.assertEqual(framework_info('P/F.framework/Versions/A/F'),
+                         d('P', 'F.framework/Versions/A/F', 'F', 'A'))
+        self.assertEqual(framework_info('P/F.framework/Versions/A/F_debug'),
+                         d('P', 'F.framework/Versions/A/F_debug', 'F', 'A', 'debug'))
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_memfunctions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import sys
+from test import support
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+from ctypes.test import need_symbol
+
+class MemFunctionsTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    @unittest.skip('test disabled')
+    def test_overflow(self):
+        # string_at and wstring_at must use the Python calling
+        # convention (which acquires the GIL and checks the Python
+        # error flag).  Provoke an error and catch it; see also issue
+        # #3554: <http://bugs.python.org/issue3554>
+        self.assertRaises((OverflowError, MemoryError, SystemError),
+                          lambda: wstring_at(u"foo", sys.maxint - 1))
+        self.assertRaises((OverflowError, MemoryError, SystemError),
+                          lambda: string_at("foo", sys.maxint - 1))
+
+    def test_memmove(self):
+        # large buffers apparently increase the chance that the memory
+        # is allocated in high address space.
+        a = create_string_buffer(1000000)
+        p = b"Hello, World"
+        result = memmove(a, p, len(p))
+        self.assertEqual(a.value, b"Hello, World")
+
+        self.assertEqual(string_at(result), b"Hello, World")
+        self.assertEqual(string_at(result, 5), b"Hello")
+        self.assertEqual(string_at(result, 16), b"Hello, World\0\0\0\0")
+        self.assertEqual(string_at(result, 0), b"")
+
+    def test_memset(self):
+        a = create_string_buffer(1000000)
+        result = memset(a, ord('x'), 16)
+        self.assertEqual(a.value, b"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx")
+
+        self.assertEqual(string_at(result), b"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx")
+        self.assertEqual(string_at(a), b"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx")
+        self.assertEqual(string_at(a, 20), b"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx\0\0\0\0")
+
+    def test_cast(self):
+        a = (c_ubyte * 32)(*map(ord, "abcdef"))
+        self.assertEqual(cast(a, c_char_p).value, b"abcdef")
+        self.assertEqual(cast(a, POINTER(c_byte))[:7],
+                             [97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 0])
+        self.assertEqual(cast(a, POINTER(c_byte))[:7:],
+                             [97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 0])
+        self.assertEqual(cast(a, POINTER(c_byte))[6:-1:-1],
+                             [0, 102, 101, 100, 99, 98, 97])
+        self.assertEqual(cast(a, POINTER(c_byte))[:7:2],
+                             [97, 99, 101, 0])
+        self.assertEqual(cast(a, POINTER(c_byte))[:7:7],
+                             [97])
+
+    @support.refcount_test
+    def test_string_at(self):
+        s = string_at(b"foo bar")
+        # XXX The following may be wrong, depending on how Python
+        # manages string instances
+        self.assertEqual(2, sys.getrefcount(s))
+        self.assertTrue(s, "foo bar")
+
+        self.assertEqual(string_at(b"foo bar", 7), b"foo bar")
+        self.assertEqual(string_at(b"foo bar", 3), b"foo")
+
+    @need_symbol('create_unicode_buffer')
+    def test_wstring_at(self):
+        p = create_unicode_buffer("Hello, World")
+        a = create_unicode_buffer(1000000)
+        result = memmove(a, p, len(p) * sizeof(c_wchar))
+        self.assertEqual(a.value, "Hello, World")
+
+        self.assertEqual(wstring_at(a), "Hello, World")
+        self.assertEqual(wstring_at(a, 5), "Hello")
+        self.assertEqual(wstring_at(a, 16), "Hello, World\0\0\0\0")
+        self.assertEqual(wstring_at(a, 0), "")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_numbers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest
+import struct
+
+def valid_ranges(*types):
+    # given a sequence of numeric types, collect their _type_
+    # attribute, which is a single format character compatible with
+    # the struct module, use the struct module to calculate the
+    # minimum and maximum value allowed for this format.
+    # Returns a list of (min, max) values.
+    result = []
+    for t in types:
+        fmt = t._type_
+        size = struct.calcsize(fmt)
+        a = struct.unpack(fmt, (b"\x00"*32)[:size])[0]
+        b = struct.unpack(fmt, (b"\xFF"*32)[:size])[0]
+        c = struct.unpack(fmt, (b"\x7F"+b"\x00"*32)[:size])[0]
+        d = struct.unpack(fmt, (b"\x80"+b"\xFF"*32)[:size])[0]
+        result.append((min(a, b, c, d), max(a, b, c, d)))
+    return result
+
+ArgType = type(byref(c_int(0)))
+
+unsigned_types = [c_ubyte, c_ushort, c_uint, c_ulong]
+signed_types = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_longlong]
+
+bool_types = []
+
+float_types = [c_double, c_float]
+
+try:
+    c_ulonglong
+    c_longlong
+except NameError:
+    pass
+else:
+    unsigned_types.append(c_ulonglong)
+    signed_types.append(c_longlong)
+
+try:
+    c_bool
+except NameError:
+    pass
+else:
+    bool_types.append(c_bool)
+
+unsigned_ranges = valid_ranges(*unsigned_types)
+signed_ranges = valid_ranges(*signed_types)
+bool_values = [True, False, 0, 1, -1, 5000, 'test', [], [1]]
+
+################################################################
+
+class NumberTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_default_init(self):
+        # default values are set to zero
+        for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types:
+            self.assertEqual(t().value, 0)
+
+    def test_unsigned_values(self):
+        # the value given to the constructor is available
+        # as the 'value' attribute
+        for t, (l, h) in zip(unsigned_types, unsigned_ranges):
+            self.assertEqual(t(l).value, l)
+            self.assertEqual(t(h).value, h)
+
+    def test_signed_values(self):
+        # see above
+        for t, (l, h) in zip(signed_types, signed_ranges):
+            self.assertEqual(t(l).value, l)
+            self.assertEqual(t(h).value, h)
+
+    def test_bool_values(self):
+        from operator import truth
+        for t, v in zip(bool_types, bool_values):
+            self.assertEqual(t(v).value, truth(v))
+
+    def test_typeerror(self):
+        # Only numbers are allowed in the constructor,
+        # otherwise TypeError is raised
+        for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, t, "")
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, t, None)
+
+    @unittest.skip('test disabled')
+    def test_valid_ranges(self):
+        # invalid values of the correct type
+        # raise ValueError (not OverflowError)
+        for t, (l, h) in zip(unsigned_types, unsigned_ranges):
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, t, l-1)
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, t, h+1)
+
+    def test_from_param(self):
+        # the from_param class method attribute always
+        # returns PyCArgObject instances
+        for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types:
+            self.assertEqual(ArgType, type(t.from_param(0)))
+
+    def test_byref(self):
+        # calling byref returns also a PyCArgObject instance
+        for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types + bool_types:
+            parm = byref(t())
+            self.assertEqual(ArgType, type(parm))
+
+
+    def test_floats(self):
+        # c_float and c_double can be created from
+        # Python int and float
+        class FloatLike(object):
+            def __float__(self):
+                return 2.0
+        f = FloatLike()
+        for t in float_types:
+            self.assertEqual(t(2.0).value, 2.0)
+            self.assertEqual(t(2).value, 2.0)
+            self.assertEqual(t(2).value, 2.0)
+            self.assertEqual(t(f).value, 2.0)
+
+    def test_integers(self):
+        class FloatLike(object):
+            def __float__(self):
+                return 2.0
+        f = FloatLike()
+        class IntLike(object):
+            def __int__(self):
+                return 2
+        d = IntLike()
+        class IndexLike(object):
+            def __index__(self):
+                return 2
+        i = IndexLike()
+        # integers cannot be constructed from floats,
+        # but from integer-like objects
+        for t in signed_types + unsigned_types:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, t, 3.14)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, t, f)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, t, d)
+            self.assertEqual(t(i).value, 2)
+
+    def test_sizes(self):
+        for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types + bool_types:
+            try:
+                size = struct.calcsize(t._type_)
+            except struct.error:
+                continue
+            # sizeof of the type...
+            self.assertEqual(sizeof(t), size)
+            # and sizeof of an instance
+            self.assertEqual(sizeof(t()), size)
+
+    def test_alignments(self):
+        for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types:
+            code = t._type_ # the typecode
+            align = struct.calcsize("c%c" % code) - struct.calcsize(code)
+
+            # alignment of the type...
+            self.assertEqual((code, alignment(t)),
+                                 (code, align))
+            # and alignment of an instance
+            self.assertEqual((code, alignment(t())),
+                                 (code, align))
+
+    def test_int_from_address(self):
+        from array import array
+        for t in signed_types + unsigned_types:
+            # the array module doesn't support all format codes
+            # (no 'q' or 'Q')
+            try:
+                array(t._type_)
+            except ValueError:
+                continue
+            a = array(t._type_, [100])
+
+            # v now is an integer at an 'external' memory location
+            v = t.from_address(a.buffer_info()[0])
+            self.assertEqual(v.value, a[0])
+            self.assertEqual(type(v), t)
+
+            # changing the value at the memory location changes v's value also
+            a[0] = 42
+            self.assertEqual(v.value, a[0])
+
+
+    def test_float_from_address(self):
+        from array import array
+        for t in float_types:
+            a = array(t._type_, [3.14])
+            v = t.from_address(a.buffer_info()[0])
+            self.assertEqual(v.value, a[0])
+            self.assertIs(type(v), t)
+            a[0] = 2.3456e17
+            self.assertEqual(v.value, a[0])
+            self.assertIs(type(v), t)
+
+    def test_char_from_address(self):
+        from ctypes import c_char
+        from array import array
+
+        a = array('b', [0])
+        a[0] = ord('x')
+        v = c_char.from_address(a.buffer_info()[0])
+        self.assertEqual(v.value, b'x')
+        self.assertIs(type(v), c_char)
+
+        a[0] = ord('?')
+        self.assertEqual(v.value, b'?')
+
+    # array does not support c_bool / 't'
+    @unittest.skip('test disabled')
+    def test_bool_from_address(self):
+        from ctypes import c_bool
+        from array import array
+        a = array(c_bool._type_, [True])
+        v = t.from_address(a.buffer_info()[0])
+        self.assertEqual(v.value, a[0])
+        self.assertEqual(type(v) is t)
+        a[0] = False
+        self.assertEqual(v.value, a[0])
+        self.assertEqual(type(v) is t)
+
+    def test_init(self):
+        # c_int() can be initialized from Python's int, and c_int.
+        # Not from c_long or so, which seems strange, abc should
+        # probably be changed:
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_int, c_long(42))
+
+    def test_float_overflow(self):
+        import sys
+        big_int = int(sys.float_info.max) * 2
+        for t in float_types + [c_longdouble]:
+            self.assertRaises(OverflowError, t, big_int)
+            if (hasattr(t, "__ctype_be__")):
+                self.assertRaises(OverflowError, t.__ctype_be__, big_int)
+            if (hasattr(t, "__ctype_le__")):
+                self.assertRaises(OverflowError, t.__ctype_le__, big_int)
+
+    @unittest.skip('test disabled')
+    def test_perf(self):
+        check_perf()
+
+from ctypes import _SimpleCData
+class c_int_S(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "i"
+    __slots__ = []
+
+def run_test(rep, msg, func, arg=None):
+##    items = [None] * rep
+    items = range(rep)
+    from time import perf_counter as clock
+    if arg is not None:
+        start = clock()
+        for i in items:
+            func(arg); func(arg); func(arg); func(arg); func(arg)
+        stop = clock()
+    else:
+        start = clock()
+        for i in items:
+            func(); func(); func(); func(); func()
+        stop = clock()
+    print("%15s: %.2f us" % (msg, ((stop-start)*1e6/5/rep)))
+
+def check_perf():
+    # Construct 5 objects
+    from ctypes import c_int
+
+    REP = 200000
+
+    run_test(REP, "int()", int)
+    run_test(REP, "int(999)", int)
+    run_test(REP, "c_int()", c_int)
+    run_test(REP, "c_int(999)", c_int)
+    run_test(REP, "c_int_S()", c_int_S)
+    run_test(REP, "c_int_S(999)", c_int_S)
+
+# Python 2.3 -OO, win2k, P4 700 MHz:
+#
+#          int(): 0.87 us
+#       int(999): 0.87 us
+#        c_int(): 3.35 us
+#     c_int(999): 3.34 us
+#      c_int_S(): 3.23 us
+#   c_int_S(999): 3.24 us
+
+# Python 2.2 -OO, win2k, P4 700 MHz:
+#
+#          int(): 0.89 us
+#       int(999): 0.89 us
+#        c_int(): 9.99 us
+#     c_int(999): 10.02 us
+#      c_int_S(): 9.87 us
+#   c_int_S(999): 9.85 us
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+##    check_perf()
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_objects.py

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+r'''
+This tests the '_objects' attribute of ctypes instances.  '_objects'
+holds references to objects that must be kept alive as long as the
+ctypes instance, to make sure that the memory buffer is valid.
+
+WARNING: The '_objects' attribute is exposed ONLY for debugging ctypes itself,
+it MUST NEVER BE MODIFIED!
+
+'_objects' is initialized to a dictionary on first use, before that it
+is None.
+
+Here is an array of string pointers:
+
+>>> from ctypes import *
+>>> array = (c_char_p * 5)()
+>>> print(array._objects)
+None
+>>>
+
+The memory block stores pointers to strings, and the strings itself
+assigned from Python must be kept.
+
+>>> array[4] = b'foo bar'
+>>> array._objects
+{'4': b'foo bar'}
+>>> array[4]
+b'foo bar'
+>>>
+
+It gets more complicated when the ctypes instance itself is contained
+in a 'base' object.
+
+>>> class X(Structure):
+...     _fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int), ("array", c_char_p * 5)]
+...
+>>> x = X()
+>>> print(x._objects)
+None
+>>>
+
+The'array' attribute of the 'x' object shares part of the memory buffer
+of 'x' ('_b_base_' is either None, or the root object owning the memory block):
+
+>>> print(x.array._b_base_) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+<ctypes.test.test_objects.X object at 0x...>
+>>>
+
+>>> x.array[0] = b'spam spam spam'
+>>> x._objects
+{'0:2': b'spam spam spam'}
+>>> x.array._b_base_._objects
+{'0:2': b'spam spam spam'}
+>>>
+
+'''
+
+import unittest, doctest
+
+import ctypes.test.test_objects
+
+class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test(self):
+        failures, tests = doctest.testmod(ctypes.test.test_objects)
+        self.assertFalse(failures, 'doctests failed, see output above')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    doctest.testmod(ctypes.test.test_objects)

Lib/ctypes/test/test_parameters.py

@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes.test import need_symbol
+import test.support
+
+class SimpleTypesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        import ctypes
+        try:
+            from _ctypes import set_conversion_mode
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.prev_conv_mode = set_conversion_mode("ascii", "strict")
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        try:
+            from _ctypes import set_conversion_mode
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            set_conversion_mode(*self.prev_conv_mode)
+
+    def test_subclasses(self):
+        from ctypes import c_void_p, c_char_p
+        # ctypes 0.9.5 and before did overwrite from_param in SimpleType_new
+        class CVOIDP(c_void_p):
+            def from_param(cls, value):
+                return value * 2
+            from_param = classmethod(from_param)
+
+        class CCHARP(c_char_p):
+            def from_param(cls, value):
+                return value * 4
+            from_param = classmethod(from_param)
+
+        self.assertEqual(CVOIDP.from_param("abc"), "abcabc")
+        self.assertEqual(CCHARP.from_param("abc"), "abcabcabcabc")
+
+    @need_symbol('c_wchar_p')
+    def test_subclasses_c_wchar_p(self):
+        from ctypes import c_wchar_p
+
+        class CWCHARP(c_wchar_p):
+            def from_param(cls, value):
+                return value * 3
+            from_param = classmethod(from_param)
+
+        self.assertEqual(CWCHARP.from_param("abc"), "abcabcabc")
+
+    # XXX Replace by c_char_p tests
+    def test_cstrings(self):
+        from ctypes import c_char_p
+
+        # c_char_p.from_param on a Python String packs the string
+        # into a cparam object
+        s = b"123"
+        self.assertIs(c_char_p.from_param(s)._obj, s)
+
+        # new in 0.9.1: convert (encode) unicode to ascii
+        self.assertEqual(c_char_p.from_param(b"123")._obj, b"123")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_char_p.from_param, "123\377")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_char_p.from_param, 42)
+
+        # calling c_char_p.from_param with a c_char_p instance
+        # returns the argument itself:
+        a = c_char_p(b"123")
+        self.assertIs(c_char_p.from_param(a), a)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_wchar_p')
+    def test_cw_strings(self):
+        from ctypes import c_wchar_p
+
+        c_wchar_p.from_param("123")
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_wchar_p.from_param, 42)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_wchar_p.from_param, b"123\377")
+
+        pa = c_wchar_p.from_param(c_wchar_p("123"))
+        self.assertEqual(type(pa), c_wchar_p)
+
+    def test_int_pointers(self):
+        from ctypes import c_short, c_uint, c_int, c_long, POINTER, pointer
+        LPINT = POINTER(c_int)
+
+##        p = pointer(c_int(42))
+##        x = LPINT.from_param(p)
+        x = LPINT.from_param(pointer(c_int(42)))
+        self.assertEqual(x.contents.value, 42)
+        self.assertEqual(LPINT(c_int(42)).contents.value, 42)
+
+        self.assertEqual(LPINT.from_param(None), None)
+
+        if c_int != c_long:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, pointer(c_long(42)))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, pointer(c_uint(42)))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, pointer(c_short(42)))
+
+    def test_byref_pointer(self):
+        # The from_param class method of POINTER(typ) classes accepts what is
+        # returned by byref(obj), it type(obj) == typ
+        from ctypes import c_short, c_uint, c_int, c_long, POINTER, byref
+        LPINT = POINTER(c_int)
+
+        LPINT.from_param(byref(c_int(42)))
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, byref(c_short(22)))
+        if c_int != c_long:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, byref(c_long(22)))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, byref(c_uint(22)))
+
+    def test_byref_pointerpointer(self):
+        # See above
+        from ctypes import c_short, c_uint, c_int, c_long, pointer, POINTER, byref
+
+        LPLPINT = POINTER(POINTER(c_int))
+        LPLPINT.from_param(byref(pointer(c_int(42))))
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPLPINT.from_param, byref(pointer(c_short(22))))
+        if c_int != c_long:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPLPINT.from_param, byref(pointer(c_long(22))))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPLPINT.from_param, byref(pointer(c_uint(22))))
+
+    def test_array_pointers(self):
+        from ctypes import c_short, c_uint, c_int, c_long, POINTER
+        INTARRAY = c_int * 3
+        ia = INTARRAY()
+        self.assertEqual(len(ia), 3)
+        self.assertEqual([ia[i] for i in range(3)], [0, 0, 0])
+
+        # Pointers are only compatible with arrays containing items of
+        # the same type!
+        LPINT = POINTER(c_int)
+        LPINT.from_param((c_int*3)())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, c_short*3)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, c_long*3)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, c_uint*3)
+
+    def test_noctypes_argtype(self):
+        import _ctypes_test
+        from ctypes import CDLL, c_void_p, ArgumentError
+
+        func = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)._testfunc_p_p
+        func.restype = c_void_p
+        # TypeError: has no from_param method
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, func, "argtypes", (object,))
+
+        class Adapter(object):
+            def from_param(cls, obj):
+                return None
+
+        func.argtypes = (Adapter(),)
+        self.assertEqual(func(None), None)
+        self.assertEqual(func(object()), None)
+
+        class Adapter(object):
+            def from_param(cls, obj):
+                return obj
+
+        func.argtypes = (Adapter(),)
+        # don't know how to convert parameter 1
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, func, object())
+        self.assertEqual(func(c_void_p(42)), 42)
+
+        class Adapter(object):
+            def from_param(cls, obj):
+                raise ValueError(obj)
+
+        func.argtypes = (Adapter(),)
+        # ArgumentError: argument 1: ValueError: 99
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, func, 99)
+
+    def test_abstract(self):
+        from ctypes import (Array, Structure, Union, _Pointer,
+                            _SimpleCData, _CFuncPtr)
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Array.from_param, 42)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Structure.from_param, 42)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Union.from_param, 42)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, _CFuncPtr.from_param, 42)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, _Pointer.from_param, 42)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, _SimpleCData.from_param, 42)
+
+    @test.support.cpython_only
+    def test_issue31311(self):
+        # __setstate__ should neither raise a SystemError nor crash in case
+        # of a bad __dict__.
+        from ctypes import Structure
+
+        class BadStruct(Structure):
+            @property
+            def __dict__(self):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            BadStruct().__setstate__({}, b'foo')
+
+        class WorseStruct(Structure):
+            @property
+            def __dict__(self):
+                1/0
+        with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
+            WorseStruct().__setstate__({}, b'foo')
+
+    def test_parameter_repr(self):
+        from ctypes import (
+            c_bool,
+            c_char,
+            c_wchar,
+            c_byte,
+            c_ubyte,
+            c_short,
+            c_ushort,
+            c_int,
+            c_uint,
+            c_long,
+            c_ulong,
+            c_longlong,
+            c_ulonglong,
+            c_float,
+            c_double,
+            c_longdouble,
+            c_char_p,
+            c_wchar_p,
+            c_void_p,
+        )
+        self.assertRegex(repr(c_bool.from_param(True)), r"^<cparam '\?' at 0x[A-Fa-f0-9]+>$")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(c_char.from_param(97)), "<cparam 'c' ('a')>")
+        self.assertRegex(repr(c_wchar.from_param('a')), r"^<cparam 'u' at 0x[A-Fa-f0-9]+>$")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(c_byte.from_param(98)), "<cparam 'b' (98)>")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(c_ubyte.from_param(98)), "<cparam 'B' (98)>")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(c_short.from_param(511)), "<cparam 'h' (511)>")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(c_ushort.from_param(511)), "<cparam 'H' (511)>")
+        self.assertRegex(repr(c_int.from_param(20000)), r"^<cparam '[li]' \(20000\)>$")
+        self.assertRegex(repr(c_uint.from_param(20000)), r"^<cparam '[LI]' \(20000\)>$")
+        self.assertRegex(repr(c_long.from_param(20000)), r"^<cparam '[li]' \(20000\)>$")
+        self.assertRegex(repr(c_ulong.from_param(20000)), r"^<cparam '[LI]' \(20000\)>$")
+        self.assertRegex(repr(c_longlong.from_param(20000)), r"^<cparam '[liq]' \(20000\)>$")
+        self.assertRegex(repr(c_ulonglong.from_param(20000)), r"^<cparam '[LIQ]' \(20000\)>$")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(c_float.from_param(1.5)), "<cparam 'f' (1.5)>")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(c_double.from_param(1.5)), "<cparam 'd' (1.5)>")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(c_double.from_param(1e300)), "<cparam 'd' (1e+300)>")
+        self.assertRegex(repr(c_longdouble.from_param(1.5)), r"^<cparam ('d' \(1.5\)|'g' at 0x[A-Fa-f0-9]+)>$")
+        self.assertRegex(repr(c_char_p.from_param(b'hihi')), r"^<cparam 'z' \(0x[A-Fa-f0-9]+\)>$")
+        self.assertRegex(repr(c_wchar_p.from_param('hihi')), r"^<cparam 'Z' \(0x[A-Fa-f0-9]+\)>$")
+        self.assertRegex(repr(c_void_p.from_param(0x12)), r"^<cparam 'P' \(0x0*12\)>$")
+
+################################################################
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_pep3118.py

@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+import re, sys
+
+if sys.byteorder == "little":
+    THIS_ENDIAN = "<"
+    OTHER_ENDIAN = ">"
+else:
+    THIS_ENDIAN = ">"
+    OTHER_ENDIAN = "<"
+
+def normalize(format):
+    # Remove current endian specifier and white space from a format
+    # string
+    if format is None:
+        return ""
+    format = format.replace(OTHER_ENDIAN, THIS_ENDIAN)
+    return re.sub(r"\s", "", format)
+
+class Test(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_native_types(self):
+        for tp, fmt, shape, itemtp in native_types:
+            ob = tp()
+            v = memoryview(ob)
+            try:
+                self.assertEqual(normalize(v.format), normalize(fmt))
+                if shape:
+                    self.assertEqual(len(v), shape[0])
+                else:
+                    self.assertEqual(len(v) * sizeof(itemtp), sizeof(ob))
+                self.assertEqual(v.itemsize, sizeof(itemtp))
+                self.assertEqual(v.shape, shape)
+                # XXX Issue #12851: PyCData_NewGetBuffer() must provide strides
+                #     if requested. memoryview currently reconstructs missing
+                #     stride information, so this assert will fail.
+                # self.assertEqual(v.strides, ())
+
+                # they are always read/write
+                self.assertFalse(v.readonly)
+
+                if v.shape:
+                    n = 1
+                    for dim in v.shape:
+                        n = n * dim
+                    self.assertEqual(n * v.itemsize, len(v.tobytes()))
+            except:
+                # so that we can see the failing type
+                print(tp)
+                raise
+
+    def test_endian_types(self):
+        for tp, fmt, shape, itemtp in endian_types:
+            ob = tp()
+            v = memoryview(ob)
+            try:
+                self.assertEqual(v.format, fmt)
+                if shape:
+                    self.assertEqual(len(v), shape[0])
+                else:
+                    self.assertEqual(len(v) * sizeof(itemtp), sizeof(ob))
+                self.assertEqual(v.itemsize, sizeof(itemtp))
+                self.assertEqual(v.shape, shape)
+                # XXX Issue #12851
+                # self.assertEqual(v.strides, ())
+
+                # they are always read/write
+                self.assertFalse(v.readonly)
+
+                if v.shape:
+                    n = 1
+                    for dim in v.shape:
+                        n = n * dim
+                    self.assertEqual(n, len(v))
+            except:
+                # so that we can see the failing type
+                print(tp)
+                raise
+
+# define some structure classes
+
+class Point(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("x", c_long), ("y", c_long)]
+
+class PackedPoint(Structure):
+    _pack_ = 2
+    _fields_ = [("x", c_long), ("y", c_long)]
+
+class Point2(Structure):
+    pass
+Point2._fields_ = [("x", c_long), ("y", c_long)]
+
+class EmptyStruct(Structure):
+    _fields_ = []
+
+class aUnion(Union):
+    _fields_ = [("a", c_int)]
+
+class StructWithArrays(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("x", c_long * 3 * 2), ("y", Point * 4)]
+
+class Incomplete(Structure):
+    pass
+
+class Complete(Structure):
+    pass
+PComplete = POINTER(Complete)
+Complete._fields_ = [("a", c_long)]
+
+################################################################
+#
+# This table contains format strings as they look on little endian
+# machines.  The test replaces '<' with '>' on big endian machines.
+#
+
+# Platform-specific type codes
+s_bool = {1: '?', 2: 'H', 4: 'L', 8: 'Q'}[sizeof(c_bool)]
+s_short = {2: 'h', 4: 'l', 8: 'q'}[sizeof(c_short)]
+s_ushort = {2: 'H', 4: 'L', 8: 'Q'}[sizeof(c_ushort)]
+s_int = {2: 'h', 4: 'i', 8: 'q'}[sizeof(c_int)]
+s_uint = {2: 'H', 4: 'I', 8: 'Q'}[sizeof(c_uint)]
+s_long = {4: 'l', 8: 'q'}[sizeof(c_long)]
+s_ulong = {4: 'L', 8: 'Q'}[sizeof(c_ulong)]
+s_longlong = "q"
+s_ulonglong = "Q"
+s_float = "f"
+s_double = "d"
+s_longdouble = "g"
+
+# Alias definitions in ctypes/__init__.py
+if c_int is c_long:
+    s_int = s_long
+if c_uint is c_ulong:
+    s_uint = s_ulong
+if c_longlong is c_long:
+    s_longlong = s_long
+if c_ulonglong is c_ulong:
+    s_ulonglong = s_ulong
+if c_longdouble is c_double:
+    s_longdouble = s_double
+
+
+native_types = [
+    # type                      format                  shape           calc itemsize
+
+    ## simple types
+
+    (c_char,                    "<c",                   (),           c_char),
+    (c_byte,                    "<b",                   (),           c_byte),
+    (c_ubyte,                   "<B",                   (),           c_ubyte),
+    (c_short,                   "<" + s_short,          (),           c_short),
+    (c_ushort,                  "<" + s_ushort,         (),           c_ushort),
+
+    (c_int,                     "<" + s_int,            (),           c_int),
+    (c_uint,                    "<" + s_uint,           (),           c_uint),
+
+    (c_long,                    "<" + s_long,           (),           c_long),
+    (c_ulong,                   "<" + s_ulong,          (),           c_ulong),
+
+    (c_longlong,                "<" + s_longlong,       (),           c_longlong),
+    (c_ulonglong,               "<" + s_ulonglong,      (),           c_ulonglong),
+
+    (c_float,                   "<f",                   (),           c_float),
+    (c_double,                  "<d",                   (),           c_double),
+
+    (c_longdouble,              "<" + s_longdouble,     (),           c_longdouble),
+
+    (c_bool,                    "<" + s_bool,           (),           c_bool),
+    (py_object,                 "<O",                   (),           py_object),
+
+    ## pointers
+
+    (POINTER(c_byte),           "&<b",                  (),           POINTER(c_byte)),
+    (POINTER(POINTER(c_long)),  "&&<" + s_long,         (),           POINTER(POINTER(c_long))),
+
+    ## arrays and pointers
+
+    (c_double * 4,              "<d",                   (4,),           c_double),
+    (c_double * 0,              "<d",                   (0,),           c_double),
+    (c_float * 4 * 3 * 2,       "<f",                   (2,3,4),        c_float),
+    (c_float * 4 * 0 * 2,       "<f",                   (2,0,4),        c_float),
+    (POINTER(c_short) * 2,      "&<" + s_short,         (2,),           POINTER(c_short)),
+    (POINTER(c_short) * 2 * 3,  "&<" + s_short,         (3,2,),         POINTER(c_short)),
+    (POINTER(c_short * 2),      "&(2)<" + s_short,      (),             POINTER(c_short)),
+
+    ## structures and unions
+
+    (Point,                     "T{<l:x:<l:y:}".replace('l', s_long),  (),  Point),
+    # packed structures do not implement the pep
+    (PackedPoint,               "B",                                   (),  PackedPoint),
+    (Point2,                    "T{<l:x:<l:y:}".replace('l', s_long),  (),  Point2),
+    (EmptyStruct,               "T{}",                                 (),  EmptyStruct),
+    # the pep doesn't support unions
+    (aUnion,                    "B",                                   (),  aUnion),
+    # structure with sub-arrays
+    (StructWithArrays, "T{(2,3)<l:x:(4)T{<l:x:<l:y:}:y:}".replace('l', s_long), (), StructWithArrays),
+    (StructWithArrays * 3, "T{(2,3)<l:x:(4)T{<l:x:<l:y:}:y:}".replace('l', s_long), (3,), StructWithArrays),
+
+    ## pointer to incomplete structure
+    (Incomplete,                "B",                    (),           Incomplete),
+    (POINTER(Incomplete),       "&B",                   (),           POINTER(Incomplete)),
+
+    # 'Complete' is a structure that starts incomplete, but is completed after the
+    # pointer type to it has been created.
+    (Complete,                  "T{<l:a:}".replace('l', s_long), (), Complete),
+    # Unfortunately the pointer format string is not fixed...
+    (POINTER(Complete),         "&B",                   (),           POINTER(Complete)),
+
+    ## other
+
+    # function signatures are not implemented
+    (CFUNCTYPE(None),           "X{}",                  (),           CFUNCTYPE(None)),
+
+    ]
+
+class BEPoint(BigEndianStructure):
+    _fields_ = [("x", c_long), ("y", c_long)]
+
+class LEPoint(LittleEndianStructure):
+    _fields_ = [("x", c_long), ("y", c_long)]
+
+################################################################
+#
+# This table contains format strings as they really look, on both big
+# and little endian machines.
+#
+endian_types = [
+    (BEPoint, "T{>l:x:>l:y:}".replace('l', s_long), (), BEPoint),
+    (LEPoint, "T{<l:x:<l:y:}".replace('l', s_long), (), LEPoint),
+    (POINTER(BEPoint), "&T{>l:x:>l:y:}".replace('l', s_long), (), POINTER(BEPoint)),
+    (POINTER(LEPoint), "&T{<l:x:<l:y:}".replace('l', s_long), (), POINTER(LEPoint)),
+    ]
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_pickling.py

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import unittest
+import pickle
+from ctypes import *
+import _ctypes_test
+dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+class X(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("a", c_int), ("b", c_double)]
+    init_called = 0
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        X.init_called += 1
+        self.x = 42
+
+class Y(X):
+    _fields_ = [("str", c_char_p)]
+
+class PickleTest:
+    def dumps(self, item):
+        return pickle.dumps(item, self.proto)
+
+    def loads(self, item):
+        return pickle.loads(item)
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        for src in [
+            c_int(42),
+            c_double(3.14),
+            ]:
+            dst = self.loads(self.dumps(src))
+            self.assertEqual(src.__dict__, dst.__dict__)
+            self.assertEqual(memoryview(src).tobytes(),
+                                 memoryview(dst).tobytes())
+
+    def test_struct(self):
+        X.init_called = 0
+
+        x = X()
+        x.a = 42
+        self.assertEqual(X.init_called, 1)
+
+        y = self.loads(self.dumps(x))
+
+        # loads must NOT call __init__
+        self.assertEqual(X.init_called, 1)
+
+        # ctypes instances are identical when the instance __dict__
+        # and the memory buffer are identical
+        self.assertEqual(y.__dict__, x.__dict__)
+        self.assertEqual(memoryview(y).tobytes(),
+                             memoryview(x).tobytes())
+
+    def test_unpickable(self):
+        # ctypes objects that are pointers or contain pointers are
+        # unpickable.
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: self.dumps(Y()))
+
+        prototype = CFUNCTYPE(c_int)
+
+        for item in [
+            c_char_p(),
+            c_wchar_p(),
+            c_void_p(),
+            pointer(c_int(42)),
+            dll._testfunc_p_p,
+            prototype(lambda: 42),
+            ]:
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: self.dumps(item))
+
+    def test_wchar(self):
+        self.dumps(c_char(b"x"))
+        # Issue 5049
+        self.dumps(c_wchar("x"))
+
+for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+    name = 'PickleTest_%s' % proto
+    globals()[name] = type(name,
+                           (PickleTest, unittest.TestCase),
+                           {'proto': proto})
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_pointers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+import unittest, sys
+
+from ctypes import *
+import _ctypes_test
+
+ctype_types = [c_byte, c_ubyte, c_short, c_ushort, c_int, c_uint,
+                 c_long, c_ulong, c_longlong, c_ulonglong, c_double, c_float]
+python_types = [int, int, int, int, int, int,
+                int, int, int, int, float, float]
+
+class PointersTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_pointer_crash(self):
+
+        class A(POINTER(c_ulong)):
+            pass
+
+        POINTER(c_ulong)(c_ulong(22))
+        # Pointer can't set contents: has no _type_
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, A, c_ulong(33))
+
+    def test_pass_pointers(self):
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        func = dll._testfunc_p_p
+        if sizeof(c_longlong) == sizeof(c_void_p):
+            func.restype = c_longlong
+        else:
+            func.restype = c_long
+
+        i = c_int(12345678)
+##        func.argtypes = (POINTER(c_int),)
+        address = func(byref(i))
+        self.assertEqual(c_int.from_address(address).value, 12345678)
+
+        func.restype = POINTER(c_int)
+        res = func(pointer(i))
+        self.assertEqual(res.contents.value, 12345678)
+        self.assertEqual(res[0], 12345678)
+
+    def test_change_pointers(self):
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        func = dll._testfunc_p_p
+
+        i = c_int(87654)
+        func.restype = POINTER(c_int)
+        func.argtypes = (POINTER(c_int),)
+
+        res = func(pointer(i))
+        self.assertEqual(res[0], 87654)
+        self.assertEqual(res.contents.value, 87654)
+
+        # C code: *res = 54345
+        res[0] = 54345
+        self.assertEqual(i.value, 54345)
+
+        # C code:
+        #   int x = 12321;
+        #   res = &x
+        x = c_int(12321)
+        res.contents = x
+        self.assertEqual(i.value, 54345)
+
+        x.value = -99
+        self.assertEqual(res.contents.value, -99)
+
+    def test_callbacks_with_pointers(self):
+        # a function type receiving a pointer
+        PROTOTYPE = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(c_int))
+
+        self.result = []
+
+        def func(arg):
+            for i in range(10):
+##                print arg[i],
+                self.result.append(arg[i])
+##            print
+            return 0
+        callback = PROTOTYPE(func)
+
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        # This function expects a function pointer,
+        # and calls this with an integer pointer as parameter.
+        # The int pointer points to a table containing the numbers 1..10
+        doit = dll._testfunc_callback_with_pointer
+
+##        i = c_int(42)
+##        callback(byref(i))
+##        self.assertEqual(i.value, 84)
+
+        doit(callback)
+##        print self.result
+        doit(callback)
+##        print self.result
+
+    def test_basics(self):
+        from operator import delitem
+        for ct, pt in zip(ctype_types, python_types):
+            i = ct(42)
+            p = pointer(i)
+##            print type(p.contents), ct
+            self.assertIs(type(p.contents), ct)
+            # p.contents is the same as p[0]
+##            print p.contents
+##            self.assertEqual(p.contents, 42)
+##            self.assertEqual(p[0], 42)
+
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, delitem, p, 0)
+
+    def test_from_address(self):
+        from array import array
+        a = array('i', [100, 200, 300, 400, 500])
+        addr = a.buffer_info()[0]
+
+        p = POINTER(POINTER(c_int))
+##        print dir(p)
+##        print p.from_address
+##        print p.from_address(addr)[0][0]
+
+    def test_other(self):
+        class Table(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int),
+                        ("b", c_int),
+                        ("c", c_int)]
+
+        pt = pointer(Table(1, 2, 3))
+
+        self.assertEqual(pt.contents.a, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(pt.contents.b, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(pt.contents.c, 3)
+
+        pt.contents.c = 33
+
+        from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
+        del _pointer_type_cache[Table]
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        p = pointer(c_int(42))
+        # Although a pointer can be indexed, it has no length
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, len, p)
+        self.assertEqual(p[0], 42)
+        self.assertEqual(p[0:1], [42])
+        self.assertEqual(p.contents.value, 42)
+
+    def test_charpp(self):
+        """Test that a character pointer-to-pointer is correctly passed"""
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        func = dll._testfunc_c_p_p
+        func.restype = c_char_p
+        argv = (c_char_p * 2)()
+        argc = c_int( 2 )
+        argv[0] = b'hello'
+        argv[1] = b'world'
+        result = func( byref(argc), argv )
+        self.assertEqual(result, b'world')
+
+    def test_bug_1467852(self):
+        # http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=532154&aid=1467852&group_id=71702
+        x = c_int(5)
+        dummy = []
+        for i in range(32000):
+            dummy.append(c_int(i))
+        y = c_int(6)
+        p = pointer(x)
+        pp = pointer(p)
+        q = pointer(y)
+        pp[0] = q         # <==
+        self.assertEqual(p[0], 6)
+    def test_c_void_p(self):
+        # http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=1518190&group_id=5470&atid=105470
+        if sizeof(c_void_p) == 4:
+            self.assertEqual(c_void_p(0xFFFFFFFF).value,
+                                 c_void_p(-1).value)
+            self.assertEqual(c_void_p(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF).value,
+                                 c_void_p(-1).value)
+        elif sizeof(c_void_p) == 8:
+            self.assertEqual(c_void_p(0xFFFFFFFF).value,
+                                 0xFFFFFFFF)
+            self.assertEqual(c_void_p(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF).value,
+                                 c_void_p(-1).value)
+            self.assertEqual(c_void_p(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF).value,
+                                 c_void_p(-1).value)
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_void_p, 3.14) # make sure floats are NOT accepted
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_void_p, object()) # nor other objects
+
+    def test_pointers_bool(self):
+        # NULL pointers have a boolean False value, non-NULL pointers True.
+        self.assertEqual(bool(POINTER(c_int)()), False)
+        self.assertEqual(bool(pointer(c_int())), True)
+
+        self.assertEqual(bool(CFUNCTYPE(None)(0)), False)
+        self.assertEqual(bool(CFUNCTYPE(None)(42)), True)
+
+        # COM methods are boolean True:
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            mth = WINFUNCTYPE(None)(42, "name", (), None)
+            self.assertEqual(bool(mth), True)
+
+    def test_pointer_type_name(self):
+        LargeNamedType = type('T' * 2 ** 25, (Structure,), {})
+        self.assertTrue(POINTER(LargeNamedType))
+
+        # to not leak references, we must clean _pointer_type_cache
+        from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
+        del _pointer_type_cache[LargeNamedType]
+
+    def test_pointer_type_str_name(self):
+        large_string = 'T' * 2 ** 25
+        P = POINTER(large_string)
+        self.assertTrue(P)
+
+        # to not leak references, we must clean _pointer_type_cache
+        from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
+        del _pointer_type_cache[id(P)]
+
+    def test_abstract(self):
+        from ctypes import _Pointer
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, _Pointer.set_type, 42)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_prototypes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+from ctypes import *
+from ctypes.test import need_symbol
+import unittest
+
+# IMPORTANT INFO:
+#
+# Consider this call:
+#    func.restype = c_char_p
+#    func(c_char_p("123"))
+# It returns
+#    "123"
+#
+# WHY IS THIS SO?
+#
+# argument tuple (c_char_p("123"), ) is destroyed after the function
+# func is called, but NOT before the result is actually built.
+#
+# If the arglist would be destroyed BEFORE the result has been built,
+# the c_char_p("123") object would already have a zero refcount,
+# and the pointer passed to (and returned by) the function would
+# probably point to deallocated space.
+#
+# In this case, there would have to be an additional reference to the argument...
+
+import _ctypes_test
+testdll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+# Return machine address `a` as a (possibly long) non-negative integer.
+# Starting with Python 2.5, id(anything) is always non-negative, and
+# the ctypes addressof() inherits that via PyLong_FromVoidPtr().
+def positive_address(a):
+    if a >= 0:
+        return a
+    # View the bits in `a` as unsigned instead.
+    import struct
+    num_bits = struct.calcsize("P") * 8 # num bits in native machine address
+    a += 1 << num_bits
+    assert a >= 0
+    return a
+
+def c_wbuffer(init):
+    n = len(init) + 1
+    return (c_wchar * n)(*init)
+
+class CharPointersTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+        func.restype = c_long
+        func.argtypes = None
+
+    def test_paramflags(self):
+        # function returns c_void_p result,
+        # and has a required parameter named 'input'
+        prototype = CFUNCTYPE(c_void_p, c_void_p)
+        func = prototype(("_testfunc_p_p", testdll),
+                         ((1, "input"),))
+
+        try:
+            func()
+        except TypeError as details:
+            self.assertEqual(str(details), "required argument 'input' missing")
+        else:
+            self.fail("TypeError not raised")
+
+        self.assertEqual(func(None), None)
+        self.assertEqual(func(input=None), None)
+
+
+    def test_int_pointer_arg(self):
+        func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+        if sizeof(c_longlong) == sizeof(c_void_p):
+            func.restype = c_longlong
+        else:
+            func.restype = c_long
+        self.assertEqual(0, func(0))
+
+        ci = c_int(0)
+
+        func.argtypes = POINTER(c_int),
+        self.assertEqual(positive_address(addressof(ci)),
+                             positive_address(func(byref(ci))))
+
+        func.argtypes = c_char_p,
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, func, byref(ci))
+
+        func.argtypes = POINTER(c_short),
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, func, byref(ci))
+
+        func.argtypes = POINTER(c_double),
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, func, byref(ci))
+
+    def test_POINTER_c_char_arg(self):
+        func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+        func.restype = c_char_p
+        func.argtypes = POINTER(c_char),
+
+        self.assertEqual(None, func(None))
+        self.assertEqual(b"123", func(b"123"))
+        self.assertEqual(None, func(c_char_p(None)))
+        self.assertEqual(b"123", func(c_char_p(b"123")))
+
+        self.assertEqual(b"123", func(c_buffer(b"123")))
+        ca = c_char(b"a")
+        self.assertEqual(ord(b"a"), func(pointer(ca))[0])
+        self.assertEqual(ord(b"a"), func(byref(ca))[0])
+
+    def test_c_char_p_arg(self):
+        func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+        func.restype = c_char_p
+        func.argtypes = c_char_p,
+
+        self.assertEqual(None, func(None))
+        self.assertEqual(b"123", func(b"123"))
+        self.assertEqual(None, func(c_char_p(None)))
+        self.assertEqual(b"123", func(c_char_p(b"123")))
+
+        self.assertEqual(b"123", func(c_buffer(b"123")))
+        ca = c_char(b"a")
+        self.assertEqual(ord(b"a"), func(pointer(ca))[0])
+        self.assertEqual(ord(b"a"), func(byref(ca))[0])
+
+    def test_c_void_p_arg(self):
+        func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+        func.restype = c_char_p
+        func.argtypes = c_void_p,
+
+        self.assertEqual(None, func(None))
+        self.assertEqual(b"123", func(b"123"))
+        self.assertEqual(b"123", func(c_char_p(b"123")))
+        self.assertEqual(None, func(c_char_p(None)))
+
+        self.assertEqual(b"123", func(c_buffer(b"123")))
+        ca = c_char(b"a")
+        self.assertEqual(ord(b"a"), func(pointer(ca))[0])
+        self.assertEqual(ord(b"a"), func(byref(ca))[0])
+
+        func(byref(c_int()))
+        func(pointer(c_int()))
+        func((c_int * 3)())
+
+    @need_symbol('c_wchar_p')
+    def test_c_void_p_arg_with_c_wchar_p(self):
+        func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+        func.restype = c_wchar_p
+        func.argtypes = c_void_p,
+
+        self.assertEqual(None, func(c_wchar_p(None)))
+        self.assertEqual("123", func(c_wchar_p("123")))
+
+    def test_instance(self):
+        func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+        func.restype = c_void_p
+
+        class X:
+            _as_parameter_ = None
+
+        func.argtypes = c_void_p,
+        self.assertEqual(None, func(X()))
+
+        func.argtypes = None
+        self.assertEqual(None, func(X()))
+
+@need_symbol('c_wchar')
+class WCharPointersTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+        func.restype = c_int
+        func.argtypes = None
+
+
+    def test_POINTER_c_wchar_arg(self):
+        func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+        func.restype = c_wchar_p
+        func.argtypes = POINTER(c_wchar),
+
+        self.assertEqual(None, func(None))
+        self.assertEqual("123", func("123"))
+        self.assertEqual(None, func(c_wchar_p(None)))
+        self.assertEqual("123", func(c_wchar_p("123")))
+
+        self.assertEqual("123", func(c_wbuffer("123")))
+        ca = c_wchar("a")
+        self.assertEqual("a", func(pointer(ca))[0])
+        self.assertEqual("a", func(byref(ca))[0])
+
+    def test_c_wchar_p_arg(self):
+        func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+        func.restype = c_wchar_p
+        func.argtypes = c_wchar_p,
+
+        c_wchar_p.from_param("123")
+
+        self.assertEqual(None, func(None))
+        self.assertEqual("123", func("123"))
+        self.assertEqual(None, func(c_wchar_p(None)))
+        self.assertEqual("123", func(c_wchar_p("123")))
+
+        # XXX Currently, these raise TypeErrors, although they shouldn't:
+        self.assertEqual("123", func(c_wbuffer("123")))
+        ca = c_wchar("a")
+        self.assertEqual("a", func(pointer(ca))[0])
+        self.assertEqual("a", func(byref(ca))[0])
+
+class ArrayTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test(self):
+        func = testdll._testfunc_ai8
+        func.restype = POINTER(c_int)
+        func.argtypes = c_int * 8,
+
+        func((c_int * 8)(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8))
+
+        # This did crash before:
+
+        def func(): pass
+        CFUNCTYPE(None, c_int * 3)(func)
+
+################################################################
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_python_api.py

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest
+from test import support
+
+################################################################
+# This section should be moved into ctypes\__init__.py, when it's ready.
+
+from _ctypes import PyObj_FromPtr
+
+################################################################
+
+from sys import getrefcount as grc
+
+class PythonAPITestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(self):
+        PyBytes_FromStringAndSize = pythonapi.PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+
+        PyBytes_FromStringAndSize.restype = py_object
+        PyBytes_FromStringAndSize.argtypes = c_char_p, c_size_t
+
+        self.assertEqual(PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(b"abcdefghi", 3), b"abc")
+
+    @support.refcount_test
+    def test_PyString_FromString(self):
+        pythonapi.PyBytes_FromString.restype = py_object
+        pythonapi.PyBytes_FromString.argtypes = (c_char_p,)
+
+        s = b"abc"
+        refcnt = grc(s)
+        pyob = pythonapi.PyBytes_FromString(s)
+        self.assertEqual(grc(s), refcnt)
+        self.assertEqual(s, pyob)
+        del pyob
+        self.assertEqual(grc(s), refcnt)
+
+    @support.refcount_test
+    def test_PyLong_Long(self):
+        ref42 = grc(42)
+        pythonapi.PyLong_FromLong.restype = py_object
+        self.assertEqual(pythonapi.PyLong_FromLong(42), 42)
+
+        self.assertEqual(grc(42), ref42)
+
+        pythonapi.PyLong_AsLong.argtypes = (py_object,)
+        pythonapi.PyLong_AsLong.restype = c_long
+
+        res = pythonapi.PyLong_AsLong(42)
+        self.assertEqual(grc(res), ref42 + 1)
+        del res
+        self.assertEqual(grc(42), ref42)
+
+    @support.refcount_test
+    def test_PyObj_FromPtr(self):
+        s = "abc def ghi jkl"
+        ref = grc(s)
+        # id(python-object) is the address
+        pyobj = PyObj_FromPtr(id(s))
+        self.assertIs(s, pyobj)
+
+        self.assertEqual(grc(s), ref + 1)
+        del pyobj
+        self.assertEqual(grc(s), ref)
+
+    def test_PyOS_snprintf(self):
+        PyOS_snprintf = pythonapi.PyOS_snprintf
+        PyOS_snprintf.argtypes = POINTER(c_char), c_size_t, c_char_p
+
+        buf = c_buffer(256)
+        PyOS_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), b"Hello from %s", b"ctypes")
+        self.assertEqual(buf.value, b"Hello from ctypes")
+
+        PyOS_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), b"Hello from %s (%d, %d, %d)", b"ctypes", 1, 2, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(buf.value, b"Hello from ctypes (1, 2, 3)")
+
+        # not enough arguments
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, PyOS_snprintf, buf)
+
+    def test_pyobject_repr(self):
+        self.assertEqual(repr(py_object()), "py_object(<NULL>)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(py_object(42)), "py_object(42)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(py_object(object)), "py_object(%r)" % object)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_random_things.py

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import contextlib
+from test import support
+import unittest
+import sys
+
+
+def callback_func(arg):
+    42 / arg
+    raise ValueError(arg)
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'Windows-specific test')
+class call_function_TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    # _ctypes.call_function is deprecated and private, but used by
+    # Gary Bishp's readline module.  If we have it, we must test it as well.
+
+    def test(self):
+        from _ctypes import call_function
+        windll.kernel32.LoadLibraryA.restype = c_void_p
+        windll.kernel32.GetProcAddress.argtypes = c_void_p, c_char_p
+        windll.kernel32.GetProcAddress.restype = c_void_p
+
+        hdll = windll.kernel32.LoadLibraryA(b"kernel32")
+        funcaddr = windll.kernel32.GetProcAddress(hdll, b"GetModuleHandleA")
+
+        self.assertEqual(call_function(funcaddr, (None,)),
+                             windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(None))
+
+class CallbackTracbackTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    # When an exception is raised in a ctypes callback function, the C
+    # code prints a traceback.
+    #
+    # This test makes sure the exception types *and* the exception
+    # value is printed correctly.
+    #
+    # Changed in 0.9.3: No longer is '(in callback)' prepended to the
+    # error message - instead an additional frame for the C code is
+    # created, then a full traceback printed.  When SystemExit is
+    # raised in a callback function, the interpreter exits.
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def expect_unraisable(self, exc_type, exc_msg=None):
+        with support.catch_unraisable_exception() as cm:
+            yield
+
+            self.assertIsInstance(cm.unraisable.exc_value, exc_type)
+            if exc_msg is not None:
+                self.assertEqual(str(cm.unraisable.exc_value), exc_msg)
+            self.assertEqual(cm.unraisable.err_msg,
+                             "Exception ignored on calling ctypes "
+                             "callback function")
+            self.assertIs(cm.unraisable.object, callback_func)
+
+    def test_ValueError(self):
+        cb = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)(callback_func)
+        with self.expect_unraisable(ValueError, '42'):
+            cb(42)
+
+    def test_IntegerDivisionError(self):
+        cb = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)(callback_func)
+        with self.expect_unraisable(ZeroDivisionError):
+            cb(0)
+
+    def test_FloatDivisionError(self):
+        cb = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_double)(callback_func)
+        with self.expect_unraisable(ZeroDivisionError):
+            cb(0.0)
+
+    def test_TypeErrorDivisionError(self):
+        cb = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_char_p)(callback_func)
+        err_msg = "unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'int' and 'bytes'"
+        with self.expect_unraisable(TypeError, err_msg):
+            cb(b"spam")
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_refcounts.py

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import unittest
+from test import support
+import ctypes
+import gc
+
+MyCallback = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int)
+OtherCallback = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_ulonglong)
+
+import _ctypes_test
+dll = ctypes.CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+class RefcountTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    @support.refcount_test
+    def test_1(self):
+        from sys import getrefcount as grc
+
+        f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
+        f.restype = ctypes.c_int
+        f.argtypes = [ctypes.c_int, MyCallback]
+
+        def callback(value):
+            #print "called back with", value
+            return value
+
+        self.assertEqual(grc(callback), 2)
+        cb = MyCallback(callback)
+
+        self.assertGreater(grc(callback), 2)
+        result = f(-10, cb)
+        self.assertEqual(result, -18)
+        cb = None
+
+        gc.collect()
+
+        self.assertEqual(grc(callback), 2)
+
+
+    @support.refcount_test
+    def test_refcount(self):
+        from sys import getrefcount as grc
+        def func(*args):
+            pass
+        # this is the standard refcount for func
+        self.assertEqual(grc(func), 2)
+
+        # the CFuncPtr instance holds at least one refcount on func:
+        f = OtherCallback(func)
+        self.assertGreater(grc(func), 2)
+
+        # and may release it again
+        del f
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(grc(func), 2)
+
+        # but now it must be gone
+        gc.collect()
+        self.assertEqual(grc(func), 2)
+
+        class X(ctypes.Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", OtherCallback)]
+        x = X()
+        x.a = OtherCallback(func)
+
+        # the CFuncPtr instance holds at least one refcount on func:
+        self.assertGreater(grc(func), 2)
+
+        # and may release it again
+        del x
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(grc(func), 2)
+
+        # and now it must be gone again
+        gc.collect()
+        self.assertEqual(grc(func), 2)
+
+        f = OtherCallback(func)
+
+        # the CFuncPtr instance holds at least one refcount on func:
+        self.assertGreater(grc(func), 2)
+
+        # create a cycle
+        f.cycle = f
+
+        del f
+        gc.collect()
+        self.assertEqual(grc(func), 2)
+
+class AnotherLeak(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_callback(self):
+        import sys
+
+        proto = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int)
+        def func(a, b):
+            return a * b * 2
+        f = proto(func)
+
+        a = sys.getrefcount(ctypes.c_int)
+        f(1, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(sys.getrefcount(ctypes.c_int), a)
+
+    @support.refcount_test
+    def test_callback_py_object_none_return(self):
+        # bpo-36880: test that returning None from a py_object callback
+        # does not decrement the refcount of None.
+
+        for FUNCTYPE in (ctypes.CFUNCTYPE, ctypes.PYFUNCTYPE):
+            with self.subTest(FUNCTYPE=FUNCTYPE):
+                @FUNCTYPE(ctypes.py_object)
+                def func():
+                    return None
+
+                # Check that calling func does not affect None's refcount.
+                for _ in range(10000):
+                    func()
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_repr.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest
+
+subclasses = []
+for base in [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_longlong,
+        c_ubyte, c_ushort, c_uint, c_ulong, c_ulonglong,
+        c_float, c_double, c_longdouble, c_bool]:
+    class X(base):
+        pass
+    subclasses.append(X)
+
+class X(c_char):
+    pass
+
+# This test checks if the __repr__ is correct for subclasses of simple types
+
+class ReprTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_numbers(self):
+        for typ in subclasses:
+            base = typ.__bases__[0]
+            self.assertTrue(repr(base(42)).startswith(base.__name__))
+            self.assertEqual("<X object at", repr(typ(42))[:12])
+
+    def test_char(self):
+        self.assertEqual("c_char(b'x')", repr(c_char(b'x')))
+        self.assertEqual("<X object at", repr(X(b'x'))[:12])
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_returnfuncptrs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+import _ctypes_test
+
+class ReturnFuncPtrTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_with_prototype(self):
+        # The _ctypes_test shared lib/dll exports quite some functions for testing.
+        # The get_strchr function returns a *pointer* to the C strchr function.
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        get_strchr = dll.get_strchr
+        get_strchr.restype = CFUNCTYPE(c_char_p, c_char_p, c_char)
+        strchr = get_strchr()
+        self.assertEqual(strchr(b"abcdef", b"b"), b"bcdef")
+        self.assertEqual(strchr(b"abcdef", b"x"), None)
+        self.assertEqual(strchr(b"abcdef", 98), b"bcdef")
+        self.assertEqual(strchr(b"abcdef", 107), None)
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, strchr, b"abcdef", 3.0)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, strchr, b"abcdef")
+
+    def test_without_prototype(self):
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        get_strchr = dll.get_strchr
+        # the default 'c_int' would not work on systems where sizeof(int) != sizeof(void *)
+        get_strchr.restype = c_void_p
+        addr = get_strchr()
+        # _CFuncPtr instances are now callable with an integer argument
+        # which denotes a function address:
+        strchr = CFUNCTYPE(c_char_p, c_char_p, c_char)(addr)
+        self.assertTrue(strchr(b"abcdef", b"b"), "bcdef")
+        self.assertEqual(strchr(b"abcdef", b"x"), None)
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, strchr, b"abcdef", 3.0)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, strchr, b"abcdef")
+
+    def test_from_dll(self):
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        # _CFuncPtr instances are now callable with a tuple argument
+        # which denotes a function name and a dll:
+        strchr = CFUNCTYPE(c_char_p, c_char_p, c_char)(("my_strchr", dll))
+        self.assertTrue(strchr(b"abcdef", b"b"), "bcdef")
+        self.assertEqual(strchr(b"abcdef", b"x"), None)
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, strchr, b"abcdef", 3.0)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, strchr, b"abcdef")
+
+    # Issue 6083: Reference counting bug
+    def test_from_dll_refcount(self):
+        class BadSequence(tuple):
+            def __getitem__(self, key):
+                if key == 0:
+                    return "my_strchr"
+                if key == 1:
+                    return CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+                raise IndexError
+
+        # _CFuncPtr instances are now callable with a tuple argument
+        # which denotes a function name and a dll:
+        strchr = CFUNCTYPE(c_char_p, c_char_p, c_char)(
+                BadSequence(("my_strchr", CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__))))
+        self.assertTrue(strchr(b"abcdef", b"b"), "bcdef")
+        self.assertEqual(strchr(b"abcdef", b"x"), None)
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, strchr, b"abcdef", 3.0)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, strchr, b"abcdef")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_simplesubclasses.py

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+class MyInt(c_int):
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if type(other) != MyInt:
+            return NotImplementedError
+        return self.value == other.value
+
+class Test(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_compare(self):
+        self.assertEqual(MyInt(3), MyInt(3))
+        self.assertNotEqual(MyInt(42), MyInt(43))
+
+    def test_ignore_retval(self):
+        # Test if the return value of a callback is ignored
+        # if restype is None
+        proto = CFUNCTYPE(None)
+        def func():
+            return (1, "abc", None)
+
+        cb = proto(func)
+        self.assertEqual(None, cb())
+
+
+    def test_int_callback(self):
+        args = []
+        def func(arg):
+            args.append(arg)
+            return arg
+
+        cb = CFUNCTYPE(None, MyInt)(func)
+
+        self.assertEqual(None, cb(42))
+        self.assertEqual(type(args[-1]), MyInt)
+
+        cb = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)(func)
+
+        self.assertEqual(42, cb(42))
+        self.assertEqual(type(args[-1]), int)
+
+    def test_int_struct(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", MyInt)]
+
+        self.assertEqual(X().x, MyInt())
+
+        s = X()
+        s.x = MyInt(42)
+
+        self.assertEqual(s.x, MyInt(42))
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_sizes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Test specifically-sized containers.
+
+from ctypes import *
+
+import unittest
+
+
+class SizesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_8(self):
+        self.assertEqual(1, sizeof(c_int8))
+        self.assertEqual(1, sizeof(c_uint8))
+
+    def test_16(self):
+        self.assertEqual(2, sizeof(c_int16))
+        self.assertEqual(2, sizeof(c_uint16))
+
+    def test_32(self):
+        self.assertEqual(4, sizeof(c_int32))
+        self.assertEqual(4, sizeof(c_uint32))
+
+    def test_64(self):
+        self.assertEqual(8, sizeof(c_int64))
+        self.assertEqual(8, sizeof(c_uint64))
+
+    def test_size_t(self):
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(c_void_p), sizeof(c_size_t))
+
+    def test_ssize_t(self):
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(c_void_p), sizeof(c_ssize_t))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_slicing.py

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+from ctypes.test import need_symbol
+
+import _ctypes_test
+
+class SlicesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_getslice_cint(self):
+        a = (c_int * 100)(*range(1100, 1200))
+        b = list(range(1100, 1200))
+        self.assertEqual(a[0:2], b[0:2])
+        self.assertEqual(a[0:2:], b[0:2:])
+        self.assertEqual(len(a), len(b))
+        self.assertEqual(a[5:7], b[5:7])
+        self.assertEqual(a[5:7:], b[5:7:])
+        self.assertEqual(a[-1], b[-1])
+        self.assertEqual(a[:], b[:])
+        self.assertEqual(a[::], b[::])
+        self.assertEqual(a[10::-1], b[10::-1])
+        self.assertEqual(a[30:20:-1], b[30:20:-1])
+        self.assertEqual(a[:12:6], b[:12:6])
+        self.assertEqual(a[2:6:4], b[2:6:4])
+
+        a[0:5] = range(5, 10)
+        self.assertEqual(a[0:5], list(range(5, 10)))
+        self.assertEqual(a[0:5:], list(range(5, 10)))
+        self.assertEqual(a[4::-1], list(range(9, 4, -1)))
+
+    def test_setslice_cint(self):
+        a = (c_int * 100)(*range(1100, 1200))
+        b = list(range(1100, 1200))
+
+        a[32:47] = list(range(32, 47))
+        self.assertEqual(a[32:47], list(range(32, 47)))
+        a[32:47] = range(132, 147)
+        self.assertEqual(a[32:47:], list(range(132, 147)))
+        a[46:31:-1] = range(232, 247)
+        self.assertEqual(a[32:47:1], list(range(246, 231, -1)))
+
+        a[32:47] = range(1132, 1147)
+        self.assertEqual(a[:], b)
+        a[32:47:7] = range(3)
+        b[32:47:7] = range(3)
+        self.assertEqual(a[:], b)
+        a[33::-3] = range(12)
+        b[33::-3] = range(12)
+        self.assertEqual(a[:], b)
+
+        from operator import setitem
+
+        # TypeError: int expected instead of str instance
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setitem, a, slice(0, 5), "abcde")
+        # TypeError: int expected instead of str instance
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setitem, a, slice(0, 5),
+                          ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"])
+        # TypeError: int expected instead of float instance
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setitem, a, slice(0, 5),
+                          [1, 2, 3, 4, 3.14])
+        # ValueError: Can only assign sequence of same size
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, setitem, a, slice(0, 5), range(32))
+
+    def test_char_ptr(self):
+        s = b"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        dll.my_strdup.restype = POINTER(c_char)
+        dll.my_free.restype = None
+        res = dll.my_strdup(s)
+        self.assertEqual(res[:len(s)], s)
+        self.assertEqual(res[:3], s[:3])
+        self.assertEqual(res[:len(s):], s)
+        self.assertEqual(res[len(s)-1:-1:-1], s[::-1])
+        self.assertEqual(res[len(s)-1:5:-7], s[:5:-7])
+        self.assertEqual(res[0:-1:-1], s[0::-1])
+
+        import operator
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, operator.getitem,
+                          res, slice(None, None, None))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, operator.getitem,
+                          res, slice(0, None, None))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, operator.getitem,
+                          res, slice(None, 5, -1))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, operator.getitem,
+                          res, slice(-5, None, None))
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.setitem,
+                          res, slice(0, 5), "abcde")
+        dll.my_free(res)
+
+        dll.my_strdup.restype = POINTER(c_byte)
+        res = dll.my_strdup(s)
+        self.assertEqual(res[:len(s)], list(range(ord("a"), ord("z")+1)))
+        self.assertEqual(res[:len(s):], list(range(ord("a"), ord("z")+1)))
+        dll.my_free(res)
+
+    def test_char_ptr_with_free(self):
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        s = b"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+
+        class allocated_c_char_p(c_char_p):
+            pass
+
+        dll.my_free.restype = None
+        def errcheck(result, func, args):
+            retval = result.value
+            dll.my_free(result)
+            return retval
+
+        dll.my_strdup.restype = allocated_c_char_p
+        dll.my_strdup.errcheck = errcheck
+        try:
+            res = dll.my_strdup(s)
+            self.assertEqual(res, s)
+        finally:
+            del dll.my_strdup.errcheck
+
+
+    def test_char_array(self):
+        s = b"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\0"
+
+        p = (c_char * 27)(*s)
+        self.assertEqual(p[:], s)
+        self.assertEqual(p[::], s)
+        self.assertEqual(p[::-1], s[::-1])
+        self.assertEqual(p[5::-2], s[5::-2])
+        self.assertEqual(p[2:5:-3], s[2:5:-3])
+
+
+    @need_symbol('c_wchar')
+    def test_wchar_ptr(self):
+        s = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\0"
+
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        dll.my_wcsdup.restype = POINTER(c_wchar)
+        dll.my_wcsdup.argtypes = POINTER(c_wchar),
+        dll.my_free.restype = None
+        res = dll.my_wcsdup(s[:-1])
+        self.assertEqual(res[:len(s)], s)
+        self.assertEqual(res[:len(s):], s)
+        self.assertEqual(res[len(s)-1:-1:-1], s[::-1])
+        self.assertEqual(res[len(s)-1:5:-7], s[:5:-7])
+
+        import operator
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.setitem,
+                          res, slice(0, 5), "abcde")
+        dll.my_free(res)
+
+        if sizeof(c_wchar) == sizeof(c_short):
+            dll.my_wcsdup.restype = POINTER(c_short)
+        elif sizeof(c_wchar) == sizeof(c_int):
+            dll.my_wcsdup.restype = POINTER(c_int)
+        elif sizeof(c_wchar) == sizeof(c_long):
+            dll.my_wcsdup.restype = POINTER(c_long)
+        else:
+            self.skipTest('Pointers to c_wchar are not supported')
+        res = dll.my_wcsdup(s[:-1])
+        tmpl = list(range(ord("a"), ord("z")+1))
+        self.assertEqual(res[:len(s)-1], tmpl)
+        self.assertEqual(res[:len(s)-1:], tmpl)
+        self.assertEqual(res[len(s)-2:-1:-1], tmpl[::-1])
+        self.assertEqual(res[len(s)-2:5:-7], tmpl[:5:-7])
+        dll.my_free(res)
+
+################################################################
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_stringptr.py

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import unittest
+from test import support
+from ctypes import *
+
+import _ctypes_test
+
+lib = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+class StringPtrTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    @support.refcount_test
+    def test__POINTER_c_char(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("str", POINTER(c_char))]
+        x = X()
+
+        # NULL pointer access
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, getattr, x.str, "contents")
+        b = c_buffer(b"Hello, World")
+        from sys import getrefcount as grc
+        self.assertEqual(grc(b), 2)
+        x.str = b
+        self.assertEqual(grc(b), 3)
+
+        # POINTER(c_char) and Python string is NOT compatible
+        # POINTER(c_char) and c_buffer() is compatible
+        for i in range(len(b)):
+            self.assertEqual(b[i], x.str[i])
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, x, "str", "Hello, World")
+
+    def test__c_char_p(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("str", c_char_p)]
+        x = X()
+
+        # c_char_p and Python string is compatible
+        # c_char_p and c_buffer is NOT compatible
+        self.assertEqual(x.str, None)
+        x.str = b"Hello, World"
+        self.assertEqual(x.str, b"Hello, World")
+        b = c_buffer(b"Hello, World")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, x, b"str", b)
+
+
+    def test_functions(self):
+        strchr = lib.my_strchr
+        strchr.restype = c_char_p
+
+        # c_char_p and Python string is compatible
+        # c_char_p and c_buffer are now compatible
+        strchr.argtypes = c_char_p, c_char
+        self.assertEqual(strchr(b"abcdef", b"c"), b"cdef")
+        self.assertEqual(strchr(c_buffer(b"abcdef"), b"c"), b"cdef")
+
+        # POINTER(c_char) and Python string is NOT compatible
+        # POINTER(c_char) and c_buffer() is compatible
+        strchr.argtypes = POINTER(c_char), c_char
+        buf = c_buffer(b"abcdef")
+        self.assertEqual(strchr(buf, b"c"), b"cdef")
+        self.assertEqual(strchr(b"abcdef", b"c"), b"cdef")
+
+        # XXX These calls are dangerous, because the first argument
+        # to strchr is no longer valid after the function returns!
+        # So we must keep a reference to buf separately
+
+        strchr.restype = POINTER(c_char)
+        buf = c_buffer(b"abcdef")
+        r = strchr(buf, b"c")
+        x = r[0], r[1], r[2], r[3], r[4]
+        self.assertEqual(x, (b"c", b"d", b"e", b"f", b"\000"))
+        del buf
+        # Because r is a pointer to memory that is freed after deleting buf,
+        # the pointer is hanging and using it would reference freed memory.
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_strings.py

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+from ctypes.test import need_symbol
+
+class StringArrayTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test(self):
+        BUF = c_char * 4
+
+        buf = BUF(b"a", b"b", b"c")
+        self.assertEqual(buf.value, b"abc")
+        self.assertEqual(buf.raw, b"abc\000")
+
+        buf.value = b"ABCD"
+        self.assertEqual(buf.value, b"ABCD")
+        self.assertEqual(buf.raw, b"ABCD")
+
+        buf.value = b"x"
+        self.assertEqual(buf.value, b"x")
+        self.assertEqual(buf.raw, b"x\000CD")
+
+        buf[1] = b"Z"
+        self.assertEqual(buf.value, b"xZCD")
+        self.assertEqual(buf.raw, b"xZCD")
+
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, buf, "value", b"aaaaaaaa")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, buf, "value", 42)
+
+    def test_c_buffer_value(self):
+        buf = c_buffer(32)
+
+        buf.value = b"Hello, World"
+        self.assertEqual(buf.value, b"Hello, World")
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, buf, "value", memoryview(b"Hello, World"))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, buf, "value", memoryview(b"abc"))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, buf, "raw", memoryview(b"x" * 100))
+
+    def test_c_buffer_raw(self):
+        buf = c_buffer(32)
+
+        buf.raw = memoryview(b"Hello, World")
+        self.assertEqual(buf.value, b"Hello, World")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, buf, "value", memoryview(b"abc"))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, buf, "raw", memoryview(b"x" * 100))
+
+    def test_param_1(self):
+        BUF = c_char * 4
+        buf = BUF()
+##        print c_char_p.from_param(buf)
+
+    def test_param_2(self):
+        BUF = c_char * 4
+        buf = BUF()
+##        print BUF.from_param(c_char_p("python"))
+##        print BUF.from_param(BUF(*"pyth"))
+
+    def test_del_segfault(self):
+        BUF = c_char * 4
+        buf = BUF()
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            del buf.raw
+
+
+@need_symbol('c_wchar')
+class WStringArrayTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test(self):
+        BUF = c_wchar * 4
+
+        buf = BUF("a", "b", "c")
+        self.assertEqual(buf.value, "abc")
+
+        buf.value = "ABCD"
+        self.assertEqual(buf.value, "ABCD")
+
+        buf.value = "x"
+        self.assertEqual(buf.value, "x")
+
+        buf[1] = "Z"
+        self.assertEqual(buf.value, "xZCD")
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(sizeof(c_wchar) < 4,
+                     "sizeof(wchar_t) is smaller than 4 bytes")
+    def test_nonbmp(self):
+        u = chr(0x10ffff)
+        w = c_wchar(u)
+        self.assertEqual(w.value, u)
+
+
+@need_symbol('c_wchar')
+class WStringTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_wchar(self):
+        c_wchar("x")
+        repr(byref(c_wchar("x")))
+        c_wchar("x")
+
+
+    @unittest.skip('test disabled')
+    def test_basic_wstrings(self):
+        cs = c_wstring("abcdef")
+
+        # XXX This behaviour is about to change:
+        # len returns the size of the internal buffer in bytes.
+        # This includes the terminating NUL character.
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(cs), 14)
+
+        # The value property is the string up to the first terminating NUL.
+        self.assertEqual(cs.value, "abcdef")
+        self.assertEqual(c_wstring("abc\000def").value, "abc")
+
+        self.assertEqual(c_wstring("abc\000def").value, "abc")
+
+        # The raw property is the total buffer contents:
+        self.assertEqual(cs.raw, "abcdef\000")
+        self.assertEqual(c_wstring("abc\000def").raw, "abc\000def\000")
+
+        # We can change the value:
+        cs.value = "ab"
+        self.assertEqual(cs.value, "ab")
+        self.assertEqual(cs.raw, "ab\000\000\000\000\000")
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_wstring, "123")
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, c_wstring, 0)
+
+    @unittest.skip('test disabled')
+    def test_toolong(self):
+        cs = c_wstring("abcdef")
+        # Much too long string:
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, cs, "value", "123456789012345")
+
+        # One char too long values:
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, cs, "value", "1234567")
+
+
+def run_test(rep, msg, func, arg):
+    items = range(rep)
+    from time import perf_counter as clock
+    start = clock()
+    for i in items:
+        func(arg); func(arg); func(arg); func(arg); func(arg)
+    stop = clock()
+    print("%20s: %.2f us" % (msg, ((stop-start)*1e6/5/rep)))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_struct_fields.py

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+class StructFieldsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    # Structure/Union classes must get 'finalized' sooner or
+    # later, when one of these things happen:
+    #
+    # 1. _fields_ is set.
+    # 2. An instance is created.
+    # 3. The type is used as field of another Structure/Union.
+    # 4. The type is subclassed
+    #
+    # When they are finalized, assigning _fields_ is no longer allowed.
+
+    def test_1_A(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            pass
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), 0) # not finalized
+        X._fields_ = [] # finalized
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
+
+    def test_1_B(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [] # finalized
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            pass
+        X()
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
+
+    def test_3(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            pass
+        class Y(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", X)] # finalizes X
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
+
+    def test_4(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            pass
+        class Y(X):
+            pass
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
+        Y._fields_ = []
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
+
+    def test_5(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = (("char", c_char * 5),)
+
+        x = X(b'#' * 5)
+        x.char = b'a\0b\0'
+        self.assertEqual(bytes(x), b'a\x00###')
+
+    def test_6(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int)]
+        CField = type(X.x)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, CField)
+
+    def test_gh99275(self):
+        class BrokenStructure(Structure):
+            def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
+                cls._fields_ = []  # This line will fail, `stgdict` is not ready
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                                    'ctypes state is not initialized'):
+            class Subclass(BrokenStructure): ...
+
+    # __set__ and __get__ should raise a TypeError in case their self
+    # argument is not a ctype instance.
+    def test___set__(self):
+        class MyCStruct(Structure):
+            _fields_ = (("field", c_int),)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError,
+                          MyCStruct.field.__set__, 'wrong type self', 42)
+
+        class MyCUnion(Union):
+            _fields_ = (("field", c_int),)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError,
+                          MyCUnion.field.__set__, 'wrong type self', 42)
+
+    def test___get__(self):
+        class MyCStruct(Structure):
+            _fields_ = (("field", c_int),)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError,
+                          MyCStruct.field.__get__, 'wrong type self', 42)
+
+        class MyCUnion(Union):
+            _fields_ = (("field", c_int),)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError,
+                          MyCUnion.field.__get__, 'wrong type self', 42)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_structures.py

@@ -0,0 +1,812 @@
+import platform
+import sys
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+from ctypes.test import need_symbol
+from struct import calcsize
+import _ctypes_test
+from test import support
+
+# The following definition is meant to be used from time to time to assist
+# temporarily disabling tests on specific architectures while investigations
+# are in progress, to keep buildbots happy.
+MACHINE = platform.machine()
+
+class SubclassesTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_subclass(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int)]
+
+        class Y(X):
+            _fields_ = [("b", c_int)]
+
+        class Z(X):
+            pass
+
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int))
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(Y), sizeof(c_int)*2)
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(Z), sizeof(c_int))
+        self.assertEqual(X._fields_, [("a", c_int)])
+        self.assertEqual(Y._fields_, [("b", c_int)])
+        self.assertEqual(Z._fields_, [("a", c_int)])
+
+    def test_subclass_delayed(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            pass
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), 0)
+        X._fields_ = [("a", c_int)]
+
+        class Y(X):
+            pass
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(Y), sizeof(X))
+        Y._fields_ = [("b", c_int)]
+
+        class Z(X):
+            pass
+
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int))
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(Y), sizeof(c_int)*2)
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(Z), sizeof(c_int))
+        self.assertEqual(X._fields_, [("a", c_int)])
+        self.assertEqual(Y._fields_, [("b", c_int)])
+        self.assertEqual(Z._fields_, [("a", c_int)])
+
+class StructureTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    formats = {"c": c_char,
+               "b": c_byte,
+               "B": c_ubyte,
+               "h": c_short,
+               "H": c_ushort,
+               "i": c_int,
+               "I": c_uint,
+               "l": c_long,
+               "L": c_ulong,
+               "q": c_longlong,
+               "Q": c_ulonglong,
+               "f": c_float,
+               "d": c_double,
+               }
+
+    def test_simple_structs(self):
+        for code, tp in self.formats.items():
+            class X(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("x", c_char),
+                            ("y", tp)]
+            self.assertEqual((sizeof(X), code),
+                                 (calcsize("c%c0%c" % (code, code)), code))
+
+    def test_unions(self):
+        for code, tp in self.formats.items():
+            class X(Union):
+                _fields_ = [("x", c_char),
+                            ("y", tp)]
+            self.assertEqual((sizeof(X), code),
+                                 (calcsize("%c" % (code)), code))
+
+    def test_struct_alignment(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_char * 3)]
+        self.assertEqual(alignment(X), calcsize("s"))
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), calcsize("3s"))
+
+        class Y(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_char * 3),
+                        ("y", c_int)]
+        self.assertEqual(alignment(Y), alignment(c_int))
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(Y), calcsize("3si"))
+
+        class SI(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", X),
+                        ("b", Y)]
+        self.assertEqual(alignment(SI), max(alignment(Y), alignment(X)))
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(SI), calcsize("3s0i 3si 0i"))
+
+        class IS(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("b", Y),
+                        ("a", X)]
+
+        self.assertEqual(alignment(SI), max(alignment(X), alignment(Y)))
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(IS), calcsize("3si 3s 0i"))
+
+        class XX(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", X),
+                        ("b", X)]
+        self.assertEqual(alignment(XX), alignment(X))
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(XX), calcsize("3s 3s 0s"))
+
+    def test_empty(self):
+        # I had problems with these
+        #
+        # Although these are pathological cases: Empty Structures!
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = []
+
+        class Y(Union):
+            _fields_ = []
+
+        # Is this really the correct alignment, or should it be 0?
+        self.assertTrue(alignment(X) == alignment(Y) == 1)
+        self.assertTrue(sizeof(X) == sizeof(Y) == 0)
+
+        class XX(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", X),
+                        ("b", X)]
+
+        self.assertEqual(alignment(XX), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(XX), 0)
+
+    def test_fields(self):
+        # test the offset and size attributes of Structure/Union fields.
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int),
+                        ("y", c_char)]
+
+        self.assertEqual(X.x.offset, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(X.x.size, sizeof(c_int))
+
+        self.assertEqual(X.y.offset, sizeof(c_int))
+        self.assertEqual(X.y.size, sizeof(c_char))
+
+        # readonly
+        self.assertRaises((TypeError, AttributeError), setattr, X.x, "offset", 92)
+        self.assertRaises((TypeError, AttributeError), setattr, X.x, "size", 92)
+
+        class X(Union):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int),
+                        ("y", c_char)]
+
+        self.assertEqual(X.x.offset, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(X.x.size, sizeof(c_int))
+
+        self.assertEqual(X.y.offset, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(X.y.size, sizeof(c_char))
+
+        # readonly
+        self.assertRaises((TypeError, AttributeError), setattr, X.x, "offset", 92)
+        self.assertRaises((TypeError, AttributeError), setattr, X.x, "size", 92)
+
+        # XXX Should we check nested data types also?
+        # offset is always relative to the class...
+
+    def test_packed(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_byte),
+                        ("b", c_longlong)]
+            _pack_ = 1
+
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), 9)
+        self.assertEqual(X.b.offset, 1)
+
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_byte),
+                        ("b", c_longlong)]
+            _pack_ = 2
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(X.b.offset, 2)
+
+        import struct
+        longlong_size = struct.calcsize("q")
+        longlong_align = struct.calcsize("bq") - longlong_size
+
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_byte),
+                        ("b", c_longlong)]
+            _pack_ = 4
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), min(4, longlong_align) + longlong_size)
+        self.assertEqual(X.b.offset, min(4, longlong_align))
+
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_byte),
+                        ("b", c_longlong)]
+            _pack_ = 8
+
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), min(8, longlong_align) + longlong_size)
+        self.assertEqual(X.b.offset, min(8, longlong_align))
+
+
+        d = {"_fields_": [("a", "b"),
+                          ("b", "q")],
+             "_pack_": -1}
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, type(Structure), "X", (Structure,), d)
+
+    @support.cpython_only
+    def test_packed_c_limits(self):
+        # Issue 15989
+        import _testcapi
+        d = {"_fields_": [("a", c_byte)],
+             "_pack_": _testcapi.INT_MAX + 1}
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, type(Structure), "X", (Structure,), d)
+        d = {"_fields_": [("a", c_byte)],
+             "_pack_": _testcapi.UINT_MAX + 2}
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, type(Structure), "X", (Structure,), d)
+
+    def test_initializers(self):
+        class Person(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("name", c_char*6),
+                        ("age", c_int)]
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Person, 42)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Person, b"asldkjaslkdjaslkdj")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Person, "Name", "HI")
+
+        # short enough
+        self.assertEqual(Person(b"12345", 5).name, b"12345")
+        # exact fit
+        self.assertEqual(Person(b"123456", 5).name, b"123456")
+        # too long
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Person, b"1234567", 5)
+
+    def test_conflicting_initializers(self):
+        class POINT(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("phi", c_float), ("rho", c_float)]
+        # conflicting positional and keyword args
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "phi", POINT, 2, 3, phi=4)
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "rho", POINT, 2, 3, rho=4)
+
+        # too many initializers
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, POINT, 2, 3, 4)
+
+    def test_keyword_initializers(self):
+        class POINT(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
+        pt = POINT(1, 2)
+        self.assertEqual((pt.x, pt.y), (1, 2))
+
+        pt = POINT(y=2, x=1)
+        self.assertEqual((pt.x, pt.y), (1, 2))
+
+    def test_invalid_field_types(self):
+        class POINT(Structure):
+            pass
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, POINT, "_fields_", [("x", 1), ("y", 2)])
+
+    def test_invalid_name(self):
+        # field name must be string
+        def declare_with_name(name):
+            class S(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [(name, c_int)]
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, declare_with_name, b"x")
+
+    def test_intarray_fields(self):
+        class SomeInts(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int * 4)]
+
+        # can use tuple to initialize array (but not list!)
+        self.assertEqual(SomeInts((1, 2)).a[:], [1, 2, 0, 0])
+        self.assertEqual(SomeInts((1, 2)).a[::], [1, 2, 0, 0])
+        self.assertEqual(SomeInts((1, 2)).a[::-1], [0, 0, 2, 1])
+        self.assertEqual(SomeInts((1, 2)).a[::2], [1, 0])
+        self.assertEqual(SomeInts((1, 2)).a[1:5:6], [2])
+        self.assertEqual(SomeInts((1, 2)).a[6:4:-1], [])
+        self.assertEqual(SomeInts((1, 2, 3, 4)).a[:], [1, 2, 3, 4])
+        self.assertEqual(SomeInts((1, 2, 3, 4)).a[::], [1, 2, 3, 4])
+        # too long
+        # XXX Should raise ValueError?, not RuntimeError
+        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, SomeInts, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
+
+    def test_nested_initializers(self):
+        # test initializing nested structures
+        class Phone(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("areacode", c_char*6),
+                        ("number", c_char*12)]
+
+        class Person(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("name", c_char * 12),
+                        ("phone", Phone),
+                        ("age", c_int)]
+
+        p = Person(b"Someone", (b"1234", b"5678"), 5)
+
+        self.assertEqual(p.name, b"Someone")
+        self.assertEqual(p.phone.areacode, b"1234")
+        self.assertEqual(p.phone.number, b"5678")
+        self.assertEqual(p.age, 5)
+
+    @need_symbol('c_wchar')
+    def test_structures_with_wchar(self):
+        class PersonW(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("name", c_wchar * 12),
+                        ("age", c_int)]
+
+        p = PersonW("Someone \xe9")
+        self.assertEqual(p.name, "Someone \xe9")
+
+        self.assertEqual(PersonW("1234567890").name, "1234567890")
+        self.assertEqual(PersonW("12345678901").name, "12345678901")
+        # exact fit
+        self.assertEqual(PersonW("123456789012").name, "123456789012")
+        #too long
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, PersonW, "1234567890123")
+
+    def test_init_errors(self):
+        class Phone(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("areacode", c_char*6),
+                        ("number", c_char*12)]
+
+        class Person(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("name", c_char * 12),
+                        ("phone", Phone),
+                        ("age", c_int)]
+
+        cls, msg = self.get_except(Person, b"Someone", (1, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(cls, RuntimeError)
+        self.assertEqual(msg,
+                             "(Phone) TypeError: "
+                             "expected bytes, int found")
+
+        cls, msg = self.get_except(Person, b"Someone", (b"a", b"b", b"c"))
+        self.assertEqual(cls, RuntimeError)
+        self.assertEqual(msg,
+                             "(Phone) TypeError: too many initializers")
+
+    def test_huge_field_name(self):
+        # issue12881: segfault with large structure field names
+        def create_class(length):
+            class S(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [('x' * length, c_int)]
+
+        for length in [10 ** i for i in range(0, 8)]:
+            try:
+                create_class(length)
+            except MemoryError:
+                # MemoryErrors are OK, we just don't want to segfault
+                pass
+
+    def get_except(self, func, *args):
+        try:
+            func(*args)
+        except Exception as detail:
+            return detail.__class__, str(detail)
+
+    @unittest.skip('test disabled')
+    def test_subclass_creation(self):
+        meta = type(Structure)
+        # same as 'class X(Structure): pass'
+        # fails, since we need either a _fields_ or a _abstract_ attribute
+        cls, msg = self.get_except(meta, "X", (Structure,), {})
+        self.assertEqual((cls, msg),
+                (AttributeError, "class must define a '_fields_' attribute"))
+
+    def test_abstract_class(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _abstract_ = "something"
+        # try 'X()'
+        cls, msg = self.get_except(eval, "X()", locals())
+        self.assertEqual((cls, msg), (TypeError, "abstract class"))
+
+    def test_methods(self):
+##        class X(Structure):
+##            _fields_ = []
+
+        self.assertIn("in_dll", dir(type(Structure)))
+        self.assertIn("from_address", dir(type(Structure)))
+        self.assertIn("in_dll", dir(type(Structure)))
+
+    def test_positional_args(self):
+        # see also http://bugs.python.org/issue5042
+        class W(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int), ("b", c_int)]
+        class X(W):
+            _fields_ = [("c", c_int)]
+        class Y(X):
+            pass
+        class Z(Y):
+            _fields_ = [("d", c_int), ("e", c_int), ("f", c_int)]
+
+        z = Z(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
+        self.assertEqual((z.a, z.b, z.c, z.d, z.e, z.f),
+                         (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6))
+        z = Z(1)
+        self.assertEqual((z.a, z.b, z.c, z.d, z.e, z.f),
+                         (1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: Z(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7))
+
+    def test_pass_by_value(self):
+        # This should mirror the Test structure
+        # in Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes_test.c
+        class Test(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('first', c_ulong),
+                ('second', c_ulong),
+                ('third', c_ulong),
+            ]
+
+        s = Test()
+        s.first = 0xdeadbeef
+        s.second = 0xcafebabe
+        s.third = 0x0bad1dea
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        func = dll._testfunc_large_struct_update_value
+        func.argtypes = (Test,)
+        func.restype = None
+        func(s)
+        self.assertEqual(s.first, 0xdeadbeef)
+        self.assertEqual(s.second, 0xcafebabe)
+        self.assertEqual(s.third, 0x0bad1dea)
+
+    def test_pass_by_value_finalizer(self):
+        # bpo-37140: Similar to test_pass_by_value(), but the Python structure
+        # has a finalizer (__del__() method): the finalizer must only be called
+        # once.
+
+        finalizer_calls = []
+
+        class Test(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('first', c_ulong),
+                ('second', c_ulong),
+                ('third', c_ulong),
+            ]
+            def __del__(self):
+                finalizer_calls.append("called")
+
+        s = Test(1, 2, 3)
+        # Test the StructUnionType_paramfunc() code path which copies the
+        # structure: if the structure is larger than sizeof(void*).
+        self.assertGreater(sizeof(s), sizeof(c_void_p))
+
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        func = dll._testfunc_large_struct_update_value
+        func.argtypes = (Test,)
+        func.restype = None
+        func(s)
+        # bpo-37140: Passing the structure by reference must not call
+        # its finalizer!
+        self.assertEqual(finalizer_calls, [])
+        self.assertEqual(s.first, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(s.second, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(s.third, 3)
+
+        # The finalizer must be called exactly once
+        s = None
+        support.gc_collect()
+        self.assertEqual(finalizer_calls, ["called"])
+
+    def test_pass_by_value_in_register(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('first', c_uint),
+                ('second', c_uint)
+            ]
+
+        s = X()
+        s.first = 0xdeadbeef
+        s.second = 0xcafebabe
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        func = dll._testfunc_reg_struct_update_value
+        func.argtypes = (X,)
+        func.restype = None
+        func(s)
+        self.assertEqual(s.first, 0xdeadbeef)
+        self.assertEqual(s.second, 0xcafebabe)
+        got = X.in_dll(dll, "last_tfrsuv_arg")
+        self.assertEqual(s.first, got.first)
+        self.assertEqual(s.second, got.second)
+
+    def test_array_in_struct(self):
+        # See bpo-22273
+
+        # These should mirror the structures in Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes_test.c
+        class Test2(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('data', c_ubyte * 16),
+            ]
+
+        class Test3(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('data', c_double * 2),
+            ]
+
+        class Test3A(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('data', c_float * 2),
+            ]
+
+        class Test3B(Test3A):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('more_data', c_float * 2),
+            ]
+
+        s = Test2()
+        expected = 0
+        for i in range(16):
+            s.data[i] = i
+            expected += i
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        func = dll._testfunc_array_in_struct1
+        func.restype = c_int
+        func.argtypes = (Test2,)
+        result = func(s)
+        self.assertEqual(result, expected)
+        # check the passed-in struct hasn't changed
+        for i in range(16):
+            self.assertEqual(s.data[i], i)
+
+        s = Test3()
+        s.data[0] = 3.14159
+        s.data[1] = 2.71828
+        expected = 3.14159 + 2.71828
+        func = dll._testfunc_array_in_struct2
+        func.restype = c_double
+        func.argtypes = (Test3,)
+        result = func(s)
+        self.assertEqual(result, expected)
+        # check the passed-in struct hasn't changed
+        self.assertEqual(s.data[0], 3.14159)
+        self.assertEqual(s.data[1], 2.71828)
+
+        s = Test3B()
+        s.data[0] = 3.14159
+        s.data[1] = 2.71828
+        s.more_data[0] = -3.0
+        s.more_data[1] = -2.0
+
+        expected = 3.14159 + 2.71828 - 5.0
+        func = dll._testfunc_array_in_struct2a
+        func.restype = c_double
+        func.argtypes = (Test3B,)
+        result = func(s)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result, expected, places=6)
+        # check the passed-in struct hasn't changed
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(s.data[0], 3.14159, places=6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(s.data[1], 2.71828, places=6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(s.more_data[0], -3.0, places=6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(s.more_data[1], -2.0, places=6)
+
+    def test_38368(self):
+        class U(Union):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('f1', c_uint8 * 16),
+                ('f2', c_uint16 * 8),
+                ('f3', c_uint32 * 4),
+            ]
+        u = U()
+        u.f3[0] = 0x01234567
+        u.f3[1] = 0x89ABCDEF
+        u.f3[2] = 0x76543210
+        u.f3[3] = 0xFEDCBA98
+        f1 = [u.f1[i] for i in range(16)]
+        f2 = [u.f2[i] for i in range(8)]
+        if sys.byteorder == 'little':
+            self.assertEqual(f1, [0x67, 0x45, 0x23, 0x01,
+                                  0xef, 0xcd, 0xab, 0x89,
+                                  0x10, 0x32, 0x54, 0x76,
+                                  0x98, 0xba, 0xdc, 0xfe])
+            self.assertEqual(f2, [0x4567, 0x0123, 0xcdef, 0x89ab,
+                                  0x3210, 0x7654, 0xba98, 0xfedc])
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(True, 'Test disabled for now - see bpo-16575/bpo-16576')
+    def test_union_by_value(self):
+        # See bpo-16575
+
+        # These should mirror the structures in Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes_test.c
+
+        class Nested1(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('an_int', c_int),
+                ('another_int', c_int),
+            ]
+
+        class Test4(Union):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('a_long', c_long),
+                ('a_struct', Nested1),
+            ]
+
+        class Nested2(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('an_int', c_int),
+                ('a_union', Test4),
+            ]
+
+        class Test5(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('an_int', c_int),
+                ('nested', Nested2),
+                ('another_int', c_int),
+            ]
+
+        test4 = Test4()
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as ctx:
+            func = dll._testfunc_union_by_value1
+            func.restype = c_long
+            func.argtypes = (Test4,)
+            result = func(test4)
+        self.assertEqual(ctx.exception.args[0], 'item 1 in _argtypes_ passes '
+                         'a union by value, which is unsupported.')
+        test5 = Test5()
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as ctx:
+            func = dll._testfunc_union_by_value2
+            func.restype = c_long
+            func.argtypes = (Test5,)
+            result = func(test5)
+        self.assertEqual(ctx.exception.args[0], 'item 1 in _argtypes_ passes '
+                         'a union by value, which is unsupported.')
+
+        # passing by reference should be OK
+        test4.a_long = 12345;
+        func = dll._testfunc_union_by_reference1
+        func.restype = c_long
+        func.argtypes = (POINTER(Test4),)
+        result = func(byref(test4))
+        self.assertEqual(result, 12345)
+        self.assertEqual(test4.a_long, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(test4.a_struct.an_int, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(test4.a_struct.another_int, 0)
+        test4.a_struct.an_int = 0x12340000
+        test4.a_struct.another_int = 0x5678
+        func = dll._testfunc_union_by_reference2
+        func.restype = c_long
+        func.argtypes = (POINTER(Test4),)
+        result = func(byref(test4))
+        self.assertEqual(result, 0x12345678)
+        self.assertEqual(test4.a_long, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(test4.a_struct.an_int, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(test4.a_struct.another_int, 0)
+        test5.an_int = 0x12000000
+        test5.nested.an_int = 0x345600
+        test5.another_int = 0x78
+        func = dll._testfunc_union_by_reference3
+        func.restype = c_long
+        func.argtypes = (POINTER(Test5),)
+        result = func(byref(test5))
+        self.assertEqual(result, 0x12345678)
+        self.assertEqual(test5.an_int, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(test5.nested.an_int, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(test5.another_int, 0)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(True, 'Test disabled for now - see bpo-16575/bpo-16576')
+    def test_bitfield_by_value(self):
+        # See bpo-16576
+
+        # These should mirror the structures in Modules/_ctypes/_ctypes_test.c
+
+        class Test6(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('A', c_int, 1),
+                ('B', c_int, 2),
+                ('C', c_int, 3),
+                ('D', c_int, 2),
+            ]
+
+        test6 = Test6()
+        # As these are signed int fields, all are logically -1 due to sign
+        # extension.
+        test6.A = 1
+        test6.B = 3
+        test6.C = 7
+        test6.D = 3
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as ctx:
+            func = dll._testfunc_bitfield_by_value1
+            func.restype = c_long
+            func.argtypes = (Test6,)
+            result = func(test6)
+        self.assertEqual(ctx.exception.args[0], 'item 1 in _argtypes_ passes '
+                         'a struct/union with a bitfield by value, which is '
+                         'unsupported.')
+        # passing by reference should be OK
+        func = dll._testfunc_bitfield_by_reference1
+        func.restype = c_long
+        func.argtypes = (POINTER(Test6),)
+        result = func(byref(test6))
+        self.assertEqual(result, -4)
+        self.assertEqual(test6.A, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(test6.B, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(test6.C, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(test6.D, 0)
+
+        class Test7(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('A', c_uint, 1),
+                ('B', c_uint, 2),
+                ('C', c_uint, 3),
+                ('D', c_uint, 2),
+            ]
+        test7 = Test7()
+        test7.A = 1
+        test7.B = 3
+        test7.C = 7
+        test7.D = 3
+        func = dll._testfunc_bitfield_by_reference2
+        func.restype = c_long
+        func.argtypes = (POINTER(Test7),)
+        result = func(byref(test7))
+        self.assertEqual(result, 14)
+        self.assertEqual(test7.A, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(test7.B, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(test7.C, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(test7.D, 0)
+
+        # for a union with bitfields, the union check happens first
+        class Test8(Union):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ('A', c_int, 1),
+                ('B', c_int, 2),
+                ('C', c_int, 3),
+                ('D', c_int, 2),
+            ]
+
+        test8 = Test8()
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as ctx:
+            func = dll._testfunc_bitfield_by_value2
+            func.restype = c_long
+            func.argtypes = (Test8,)
+            result = func(test8)
+        self.assertEqual(ctx.exception.args[0], 'item 1 in _argtypes_ passes '
+                         'a union by value, which is unsupported.')
+
+class PointerMemberTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test(self):
+        # a Structure with a POINTER field
+        class S(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("array", POINTER(c_int))]
+
+        s = S()
+        # We can assign arrays of the correct type
+        s.array = (c_int * 3)(1, 2, 3)
+        items = [s.array[i] for i in range(3)]
+        self.assertEqual(items, [1, 2, 3])
+
+        # The following are bugs, but are included here because the unittests
+        # also describe the current behaviour.
+        #
+        # This fails with SystemError: bad arg to internal function
+        # or with IndexError (with a patch I have)
+
+        s.array[0] = 42
+
+        items = [s.array[i] for i in range(3)]
+        self.assertEqual(items, [42, 2, 3])
+
+        s.array[0] = 1
+
+##        s.array[1] = 42
+
+        items = [s.array[i] for i in range(3)]
+        self.assertEqual(items, [1, 2, 3])
+
+    def test_none_to_pointer_fields(self):
+        class S(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int),
+                        ("p", POINTER(c_int))]
+
+        s = S()
+        s.x = 12345678
+        s.p = None
+        self.assertEqual(s.x, 12345678)
+
+class TestRecursiveStructure(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_contains_itself(self):
+        class Recursive(Structure):
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            Recursive._fields_ = [("next", Recursive)]
+        except AttributeError as details:
+            self.assertIn("Structure or union cannot contain itself",
+                          str(details))
+        else:
+            self.fail("Structure or union cannot contain itself")
+
+
+    def test_vice_versa(self):
+        class First(Structure):
+            pass
+        class Second(Structure):
+            pass
+
+        First._fields_ = [("second", Second)]
+
+        try:
+            Second._fields_ = [("first", First)]
+        except AttributeError as details:
+            self.assertIn("_fields_ is final", str(details))
+        else:
+            self.fail("AttributeError not raised")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_unaligned_structures.py

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import sys, unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+structures = []
+byteswapped_structures = []
+
+
+if sys.byteorder == "little":
+    SwappedStructure = BigEndianStructure
+else:
+    SwappedStructure = LittleEndianStructure
+
+for typ in [c_short, c_int, c_long, c_longlong,
+            c_float, c_double,
+            c_ushort, c_uint, c_ulong, c_ulonglong]:
+    class X(Structure):
+        _pack_ = 1
+        _fields_ = [("pad", c_byte),
+                    ("value", typ)]
+    class Y(SwappedStructure):
+        _pack_ = 1
+        _fields_ = [("pad", c_byte),
+                    ("value", typ)]
+    structures.append(X)
+    byteswapped_structures.append(Y)
+
+class TestStructures(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_native(self):
+        for typ in structures:
+            self.assertEqual(typ.value.offset, 1)
+            o = typ()
+            o.value = 4
+            self.assertEqual(o.value, 4)
+
+    def test_swapped(self):
+        for typ in byteswapped_structures:
+            self.assertEqual(typ.value.offset, 1)
+            o = typ()
+            o.value = 4
+            self.assertEqual(o.value, 4)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_unicode.py

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import unittest
+import ctypes
+from ctypes.test import need_symbol
+
+import _ctypes_test
+
+@need_symbol('c_wchar')
+class UnicodeTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_wcslen(self):
+        dll = ctypes.CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        wcslen = dll.my_wcslen
+        wcslen.argtypes = [ctypes.c_wchar_p]
+
+        self.assertEqual(wcslen("abc"), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(wcslen("ab\u2070"), 3)
+        self.assertRaises(ctypes.ArgumentError, wcslen, b"ab\xe4")
+
+    def test_buffers(self):
+        buf = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer("abc")
+        self.assertEqual(len(buf), 3+1)
+
+        buf = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer("ab\xe4\xf6\xfc")
+        self.assertEqual(buf[:], "ab\xe4\xf6\xfc\0")
+        self.assertEqual(buf[::], "ab\xe4\xf6\xfc\0")
+        self.assertEqual(buf[::-1], '\x00\xfc\xf6\xe4ba')
+        self.assertEqual(buf[::2], 'a\xe4\xfc')
+        self.assertEqual(buf[6:5:-1], "")
+
+    def test_embedded_null(self):
+        class TestStruct(ctypes.Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("unicode", ctypes.c_wchar_p)]
+        t = TestStruct()
+        # This would raise a ValueError:
+        t.unicode = "foo\0bar\0\0"
+
+
+func = ctypes.CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)._testfunc_p_p
+
+class StringTestCase(UnicodeTestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        func.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p]
+        func.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        func.argtypes = None
+        func.restype = ctypes.c_int
+
+    def test_func(self):
+        self.assertEqual(func(b"abc\xe4"), b"abc\xe4")
+
+    def test_buffers(self):
+        buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(b"abc")
+        self.assertEqual(len(buf), 3+1)
+
+        buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(b"ab\xe4\xf6\xfc")
+        self.assertEqual(buf[:], b"ab\xe4\xf6\xfc\0")
+        self.assertEqual(buf[::], b"ab\xe4\xf6\xfc\0")
+        self.assertEqual(buf[::-1], b'\x00\xfc\xf6\xe4ba')
+        self.assertEqual(buf[::2], b'a\xe4\xfc')
+        self.assertEqual(buf[6:5:-1], b"")
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_values.py

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+"""
+A testcase which accesses *values* in a dll.
+"""
+
+import _imp
+import importlib.util
+import unittest
+import sys
+from ctypes import *
+from test.support import import_helper
+
+import _ctypes_test
+
+class ValuesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_an_integer(self):
+        # This test checks and changes an integer stored inside the
+        # _ctypes_test dll/shared lib.
+        ctdll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        an_integer = c_int.in_dll(ctdll, "an_integer")
+        x = an_integer.value
+        self.assertEqual(x, ctdll.get_an_integer())
+        an_integer.value *= 2
+        self.assertEqual(x*2, ctdll.get_an_integer())
+        # To avoid test failures when this test is repeated several
+        # times the original value must be restored
+        an_integer.value = x
+        self.assertEqual(x, ctdll.get_an_integer())
+
+    def test_undefined(self):
+        ctdll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, c_int.in_dll, ctdll, "Undefined_Symbol")
+
+class PythonValuesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    """This test only works when python itself is a dll/shared library"""
+
+    def test_optimizeflag(self):
+        # This test accesses the Py_OptimizeFlag integer, which is
+        # exported by the Python dll and should match the sys.flags value
+
+        opt = c_int.in_dll(pythonapi, "Py_OptimizeFlag").value
+        self.assertEqual(opt, sys.flags.optimize)
+
+    def test_frozentable(self):
+        # Python exports a PyImport_FrozenModules symbol. This is a
+        # pointer to an array of struct _frozen entries.  The end of the
+        # array is marked by an entry containing a NULL name and zero
+        # size.
+
+        # In standard Python, this table contains a __hello__
+        # module, and a __phello__ package containing a spam
+        # module.
+        class struct_frozen(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("name", c_char_p),
+                        ("code", POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+                        ("size", c_int),
+                        ("is_package", c_int),
+                        ("get_code", POINTER(c_ubyte)),  # Function ptr
+                        ]
+        FrozenTable = POINTER(struct_frozen)
+
+        modules = []
+        for group in ["Bootstrap", "Stdlib", "Test"]:
+            ft = FrozenTable.in_dll(pythonapi, f"_PyImport_Frozen{group}")
+            # ft is a pointer to the struct_frozen entries:
+            for entry in ft:
+                # This is dangerous. We *can* iterate over a pointer, but
+                # the loop will not terminate (maybe with an access
+                # violation;-) because the pointer instance has no size.
+                if entry.name is None:
+                    break
+                modname = entry.name.decode("ascii")
+                modules.append(modname)
+                with self.subTest(modname):
+                    if entry.size != 0:
+                        # Do a sanity check on entry.size and entry.code.
+                        self.assertGreater(abs(entry.size), 10)
+                        self.assertTrue([entry.code[i] for i in range(abs(entry.size))])
+                    # Check the module's package-ness.
+                    with import_helper.frozen_modules():
+                        spec = importlib.util.find_spec(modname)
+                    if entry.is_package:
+                        # It's a package.
+                        self.assertIsNotNone(spec.submodule_search_locations)
+                    else:
+                        self.assertIsNone(spec.submodule_search_locations)
+
+        with import_helper.frozen_modules():
+            expected = _imp._frozen_module_names()
+        self.maxDiff = None
+        self.assertEqual(modules, expected,
+                         "_PyImport_FrozenBootstrap example "
+                         "in Doc/library/ctypes.rst may be out of date")
+
+        from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
+        del _pointer_type_cache[struct_frozen]
+
+    def test_undefined(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, c_int.in_dll, pythonapi,
+                          "Undefined_Symbol")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_varsize_struct.py

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest
+
+class VarSizeTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_resize(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("item", c_int),
+                        ("array", c_int * 1)]
+
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int) * 2)
+        x = X()
+        x.item = 42
+        x.array[0] = 100
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(x), sizeof(c_int) * 2)
+
+        # make room for one additional item
+        new_size = sizeof(X) + sizeof(c_int) * 1
+        resize(x, new_size)
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(x), new_size)
+        self.assertEqual((x.item, x.array[0]), (42, 100))
+
+        # make room for 10 additional items
+        new_size = sizeof(X) + sizeof(c_int) * 9
+        resize(x, new_size)
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(x), new_size)
+        self.assertEqual((x.item, x.array[0]), (42, 100))
+
+        # make room for one additional item
+        new_size = sizeof(X) + sizeof(c_int) * 1
+        resize(x, new_size)
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(x), new_size)
+        self.assertEqual((x.item, x.array[0]), (42, 100))
+
+    def test_array_invalid_length(self):
+        # cannot create arrays with non-positive size
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: c_int * -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: c_int * -3)
+
+    def test_zerosized_array(self):
+        array = (c_int * 0)()
+        # accessing elements of zero-sized arrays raise IndexError
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, array.__setitem__, 0, None)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, array.__getitem__, 0)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, array.__setitem__, 1, None)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, array.__getitem__, 1)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, array.__setitem__, -1, None)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, array.__getitem__, -1)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_win32.py

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# Windows specific tests
+
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest, sys
+from test import support
+
+import _ctypes_test
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'Windows-specific test')
+class FunctionCallTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    @unittest.skipUnless('MSC' in sys.version, "SEH only supported by MSC")
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.executable.lower().endswith('_d.exe'),
+                     "SEH not enabled in debug builds")
+    def test_SEH(self):
+        # Disable faulthandler to prevent logging the warning:
+        # "Windows fatal exception: access violation"
+        with support.disable_faulthandler():
+            # Call functions with invalid arguments, and make sure
+            # that access violations are trapped and raise an
+            # exception.
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA, 32)
+
+    def test_noargs(self):
+        # This is a special case on win32 x64
+        windll.user32.GetDesktopWindow()
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'Windows-specific test')
+class ReturnStructSizesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_sizes(self):
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        for i in range(1, 11):
+            fields = [ (f"f{f}", c_char) for f in range(1, i + 1)]
+            class S(Structure):
+                _fields_ = fields
+            f = getattr(dll, f"TestSize{i}")
+            f.restype = S
+            res = f()
+            for i, f in enumerate(fields):
+                value = getattr(res, f[0])
+                expected = bytes([ord('a') + i])
+                self.assertEqual(value, expected)
+
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'Windows-specific test')
+class TestWintypes(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_HWND(self):
+        from ctypes import wintypes
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(wintypes.HWND), sizeof(c_void_p))
+
+    def test_PARAM(self):
+        from ctypes import wintypes
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(wintypes.WPARAM),
+                             sizeof(c_void_p))
+        self.assertEqual(sizeof(wintypes.LPARAM),
+                             sizeof(c_void_p))
+
+    def test_COMError(self):
+        from _ctypes import COMError
+        if support.HAVE_DOCSTRINGS:
+            self.assertEqual(COMError.__doc__,
+                             "Raised when a COM method call failed.")
+
+        ex = COMError(-1, "text", ("details",))
+        self.assertEqual(ex.hresult, -1)
+        self.assertEqual(ex.text, "text")
+        self.assertEqual(ex.details, ("details",))
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'Windows-specific test')
+class TestWinError(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_winerror(self):
+        # see Issue 16169
+        import errno
+        ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER = 87
+        msg = FormatError(ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER).strip()
+        args = (errno.EINVAL, msg, None, ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER)
+
+        e = WinError(ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER)
+        self.assertEqual(e.args, args)
+        self.assertEqual(e.errno, errno.EINVAL)
+        self.assertEqual(e.winerror, ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER)
+
+        windll.kernel32.SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER)
+        try:
+            raise WinError()
+        except OSError as exc:
+            e = exc
+        self.assertEqual(e.args, args)
+        self.assertEqual(e.errno, errno.EINVAL)
+        self.assertEqual(e.winerror, ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER)
+
+class Structures(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_struct_by_value(self):
+        class POINT(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_long),
+                        ("y", c_long)]
+
+        class RECT(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("left", c_long),
+                        ("top", c_long),
+                        ("right", c_long),
+                        ("bottom", c_long)]
+
+        dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+        pt = POINT(15, 25)
+        left = c_long.in_dll(dll, 'left')
+        top = c_long.in_dll(dll, 'top')
+        right = c_long.in_dll(dll, 'right')
+        bottom = c_long.in_dll(dll, 'bottom')
+        rect = RECT(left, top, right, bottom)
+        PointInRect = dll.PointInRect
+        PointInRect.argtypes = [POINTER(RECT), POINT]
+        self.assertEqual(1, PointInRect(byref(rect), pt))
+
+        ReturnRect = dll.ReturnRect
+        ReturnRect.argtypes = [c_int, RECT, POINTER(RECT), POINT, RECT,
+                               POINTER(RECT), POINT, RECT]
+        ReturnRect.restype = RECT
+        for i in range(4):
+            ret = ReturnRect(i, rect, pointer(rect), pt, rect,
+                         byref(rect), pt, rect)
+            # the c function will check and modify ret if something is
+            # passed in improperly
+            self.assertEqual(ret.left, left.value)
+            self.assertEqual(ret.right, right.value)
+            self.assertEqual(ret.top, top.value)
+            self.assertEqual(ret.bottom, bottom.value)
+
+        # to not leak references, we must clean _pointer_type_cache
+        from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
+        del _pointer_type_cache[RECT]
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

Lib/ctypes/test/test_wintypes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import unittest
+
+# also work on POSIX
+
+from ctypes import *
+from ctypes import wintypes
+
+
+class WinTypesTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_variant_bool(self):
+        # reads 16-bits from memory, anything non-zero is True
+        for true_value in (1, 32767, 32768, 65535, 65537):
+            true = POINTER(c_int16)(c_int16(true_value))
+            value = cast(true, POINTER(wintypes.VARIANT_BOOL))
+            self.assertEqual(repr(value.contents), 'VARIANT_BOOL(True)')
+
+            vb = wintypes.VARIANT_BOOL()
+            self.assertIs(vb.value, False)
+            vb.value = True
+            self.assertIs(vb.value, True)
+            vb.value = true_value
+            self.assertIs(vb.value, True)
+
+        for false_value in (0, 65536, 262144, 2**33):
+            false = POINTER(c_int16)(c_int16(false_value))
+            value = cast(false, POINTER(wintypes.VARIANT_BOOL))
+            self.assertEqual(repr(value.contents), 'VARIANT_BOOL(False)')
+
+        # allow any bool conversion on assignment to value
+        for set_value in (65536, 262144, 2**33):
+            vb = wintypes.VARIANT_BOOL()
+            vb.value = set_value
+            self.assertIs(vb.value, True)
+
+        vb = wintypes.VARIANT_BOOL()
+        vb.value = [2, 3]
+        self.assertIs(vb.value, True)
+        vb.value = []
+        self.assertIs(vb.value, False)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

Lib/test/test_ctypes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import unittest
+from test.support.import_helper import import_module
+
+
+ctypes_test = import_module('ctypes.test')
+
+load_tests = ctypes_test.load_tests
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()