diff --git a/vm/src/builtins.rs b/vm/src/builtins.rs
index 72891812c..bfa1a01f4 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ pub fn to_ascii(value: &str) -> String {
     ascii
 }
 
-fn builtin_bin(x: PyIntRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+fn builtin_bin(x: PyIntRef) -> String {
     let x = x.as_bigint();
     if x.is_negative() {
         format!("-0b{:b}", x.abs())
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ fn builtin_hex(number: PyIntRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
     Ok(vm.new_str(s))
 }
 
-fn builtin_id(obj: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+fn builtin_id(obj: PyObjectRef) -> usize {
     obj.get_id()
 }
 
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ fn builtin_len(obj: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize> {
 
 fn builtin_locals(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyDictRef {
     let locals = vm.get_locals();
-    locals.copy(vm).into_ref(vm)
+    locals.copy().into_ref(vm)
 }
 
 fn builtin_max(vm: &VirtualMachine, args: PyFuncArgs) -> PyResult {
diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index 305483ec4..3d30a86e4 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ impl PyBaseException {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    #[pyproperty(name = "args")]
-    fn get_args(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTupleRef {
+    #[pyproperty]
+    pub fn args(&self) -> PyTupleRef {
         self.args.borrow().clone()
     }
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ impl PyBaseException {
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "__traceback__")]
-    fn get_traceback(&self) -> Option<PyTracebackRef> {
+    pub fn traceback(&self) -> Option<PyTracebackRef> {
         self.traceback.borrow().clone()
     }
 
@@ -90,51 +90,37 @@ impl PyBaseException {
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "__cause__")]
-    fn get_cause(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<PyBaseExceptionRef> {
+    pub fn cause(&self) -> Option<PyBaseExceptionRef> {
         self.cause.borrow().clone()
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "__cause__", setter)]
-    fn setter_cause(
-        &self,
-        cause: Option<PyBaseExceptionRef>,
-        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<()> {
+    pub fn set_cause(&self, cause: Option<PyBaseExceptionRef>) {
         self.cause.replace(cause);
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "__context__")]
-    fn get_context(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<PyBaseExceptionRef> {
+    pub fn context(&self) -> Option<PyBaseExceptionRef> {
         self.context.borrow().clone()
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "__context__", setter)]
-    fn setter_context(
-        &self,
-        context: Option<PyBaseExceptionRef>,
-        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<()> {
+    pub fn set_context(&self, context: Option<PyBaseExceptionRef>) {
         self.context.replace(context);
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "__suppress_context__")]
-    fn get_suppress_context(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn get_suppress_context(&self) -> bool {
         self.suppress_context.get()
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "__suppress_context__", setter)]
-    fn set_suppress_context(&self, suppress_context: bool, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn set_suppress_context(&self, suppress_context: bool) {
         self.suppress_context.set(suppress_context);
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn with_traceback(
-        zelf: PyRef<Self>,
-        tb: Option<PyTracebackRef>,
-        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult {
+    fn with_traceback(zelf: PyRef<Self>, tb: Option<PyTracebackRef>) -> PyResult {
         zelf.traceback.replace(tb);
         Ok(zelf.as_object().clone())
     }
@@ -158,28 +144,6 @@ impl PyBaseException {
             Err(i) => format!("{}({})", cls.name, i.format(", ")),
         }
     }
-
-    pub fn args(&self) -> PyTupleRef {
-        self.args.borrow().clone()
-    }
-
-    pub fn traceback(&self) -> Option<PyTracebackRef> {
-        self.traceback.borrow().clone()
-    }
-
-    pub fn cause(&self) -> Option<PyBaseExceptionRef> {
-        self.cause.borrow().clone()
-    }
-    pub fn set_cause(&self, cause: Option<PyBaseExceptionRef>) {
-        self.cause.replace(cause);
-    }
-
-    pub fn context(&self) -> Option<PyBaseExceptionRef> {
-        self.context.borrow().clone()
-    }
-    pub fn set_context(&self, context: Option<PyBaseExceptionRef>) {
-        self.context.replace(context);
-    }
 }
 
 /// Print exception chain
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 4466bc881..61b4abe12 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ impl Frame {
             bytecode::Instruction::ListAppend { i } => {
                 let list_obj = self.nth_value(*i);
                 let item = self.pop_value();
-                objlist::PyListRef::try_from_object(vm, list_obj)?.append(item, vm);
+                objlist::PyListRef::try_from_object(vm, list_obj)?.append(item);
                 Ok(None)
             }
             bytecode::Instruction::SetAdd { i } => {
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objbool.rs b/vm/src/obj/objbool.rs
index 264d30599..1cd91e9b9 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objbool.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objbool.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ pub fn get_py_int(obj: &PyObjectRef) -> &PyInt {
     &obj.payload::<PyInt>().unwrap()
 }
 
-fn bool_repr(obj: bool, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+fn bool_repr(obj: bool) -> String {
     if obj {
         "True".to_owned()
     } else {
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objbytearray.rs b/vm/src/obj/objbytearray.rs
index 73e5d9d5d..440749730 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objbytearray.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objbytearray.rs
@@ -99,17 +99,17 @@ impl PyByteArray {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__repr__")]
-    fn repr(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
+    fn repr(&self) -> PyResult<String> {
         Ok(format!("bytearray(b'{}')", self.inner.borrow().repr()?))
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__len__")]
-    fn len(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.inner.borrow().len()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__sizeof__")]
-    fn sizeof(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn sizeof(&self) -> usize {
         size_of::<Self>() + self.inner.borrow().len() * size_of::<u8>()
     }
 
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ impl PyByteArray {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyByteArrayIterator {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyByteArrayIterator {
         PyByteArrayIterator {
             position: Cell::new(0),
             bytearray: zelf,
@@ -190,67 +190,67 @@ impl PyByteArray {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "isalnum")]
-    fn isalnum(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isalnum(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.borrow().isalnum()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "isalpha")]
-    fn isalpha(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isalpha(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.borrow().isalpha()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "isascii")]
-    fn isascii(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isascii(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.borrow().isascii()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "isdigit")]
-    fn isdigit(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isdigit(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.borrow().isdigit()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "islower")]
-    fn islower(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn islower(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.borrow().islower()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "isspace")]
-    fn isspace(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isspace(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.borrow().isspace()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "isupper")]
-    fn isupper(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isupper(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.borrow().isupper()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "istitle")]
-    fn istitle(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn istitle(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.borrow().istitle()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "lower")]
-    fn lower(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyByteArray {
+    fn lower(&self) -> PyByteArray {
         self.inner.borrow().lower().into()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "upper")]
-    fn upper(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyByteArray {
+    fn upper(&self) -> PyByteArray {
         self.inner.borrow().upper().into()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "capitalize")]
-    fn capitalize(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyByteArray {
+    fn capitalize(&self) -> PyByteArray {
         self.inner.borrow().capitalize().into()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "swapcase")]
-    fn swapcase(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyByteArray {
+    fn swapcase(&self) -> PyByteArray {
         self.inner.borrow().swapcase().into()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "hex")]
-    fn hex(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn hex(&self) -> String {
         self.inner.borrow().hex()
     }
 
@@ -375,11 +375,7 @@ impl PyByteArray {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "strip")]
-    fn strip(
-        &self,
-        chars: OptionalArg<PyByteInner>,
-        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<PyByteArray> {
+    fn strip(&self, chars: OptionalArg<PyByteInner>) -> PyResult<PyByteArray> {
         Ok(self
             .inner
             .borrow()
@@ -388,11 +384,7 @@ impl PyByteArray {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "lstrip")]
-    fn lstrip(
-        &self,
-        chars: OptionalArg<PyByteInner>,
-        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<PyByteArray> {
+    fn lstrip(&self, chars: OptionalArg<PyByteInner>) -> PyResult<PyByteArray> {
         Ok(self
             .inner
             .borrow()
@@ -401,11 +393,7 @@ impl PyByteArray {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "rstrip")]
-    fn rstrip(
-        &self,
-        chars: OptionalArg<PyByteInner>,
-        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<PyByteArray> {
+    fn rstrip(&self, chars: OptionalArg<PyByteInner>) -> PyResult<PyByteArray> {
         Ok(self
             .inner
             .borrow()
@@ -460,7 +448,7 @@ impl PyByteArray {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "expandtabs")]
-    fn expandtabs(&self, options: ByteInnerExpandtabsOptions, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyByteArray {
+    fn expandtabs(&self, options: ByteInnerExpandtabsOptions) -> PyByteArray {
         self.inner.borrow().expandtabs(options).into()
     }
 
@@ -477,7 +465,7 @@ impl PyByteArray {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "zfill")]
-    fn zfill(&self, width: PyIntRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyByteArray {
+    fn zfill(&self, width: PyIntRef) -> PyByteArray {
         self.inner.borrow().zfill(width).into()
     }
 
@@ -487,18 +475,17 @@ impl PyByteArray {
         old: PyByteInner,
         new: PyByteInner,
         count: OptionalArg<PyIntRef>,
-        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<PyByteArray> {
         Ok(self.inner.borrow().replace(old, new, count)?.into())
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "clear")]
-    fn clear(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn clear(&self) {
         self.inner.borrow_mut().elements.clear();
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "copy")]
-    fn copy(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyByteArray {
+    fn copy(&self) -> PyByteArray {
         self.inner.borrow().elements.clone().into()
     }
 
@@ -560,22 +547,22 @@ impl PyByteArray {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "title")]
-    fn title(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyByteArray {
+    fn title(&self) -> PyByteArray {
         self.inner.borrow().title().into()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__mul__")]
-    fn repeat(&self, n: isize, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyByteArray {
+    fn repeat(&self, n: isize) -> PyByteArray {
         self.inner.borrow().repeat(n).into()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__rmul__")]
-    fn rmul(&self, n: isize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyByteArray {
-        self.repeat(n, vm)
+    fn rmul(&self, n: isize) -> PyByteArray {
+        self.repeat(n)
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__imul__")]
-    fn irepeat(&self, n: isize, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn irepeat(&self, n: isize) {
         self.inner.borrow_mut().irepeat(n)
     }
 
@@ -603,7 +590,7 @@ impl PyByteArray {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "reverse")]
-    fn reverse(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+    fn reverse(&self) -> PyResult<()> {
         self.inner.borrow_mut().elements.reverse();
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -640,7 +627,7 @@ impl PyByteArrayIterator {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objbytes.rs b/vm/src/obj/objbytes.rs
index 99a9c6a26..07a333a93 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objbytes.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objbytes.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ impl PyBytes {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__len__")]
-    fn len(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.inner.len()
     }
 
@@ -135,12 +135,12 @@ impl PyBytes {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__hash__")]
-    fn hash(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> pyhash::PyHash {
+    fn hash(&self) -> pyhash::PyHash {
         self.inner.hash()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBytesIterator {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyBytesIterator {
         PyBytesIterator {
             position: Cell::new(0),
             bytes: zelf,
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ impl PyBytes {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__sizeof__")]
-    fn sizeof(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize> {
+    fn sizeof(&self) -> PyResult<usize> {
         Ok(size_of::<Self>() + self.inner.elements.len() * size_of::<u8>())
     }
 
@@ -176,67 +176,67 @@ impl PyBytes {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "isalnum")]
-    fn isalnum(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isalnum(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.isalnum()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "isalpha")]
-    fn isalpha(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isalpha(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.isalpha()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "isascii")]
-    fn isascii(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isascii(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.isascii()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "isdigit")]
-    fn isdigit(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isdigit(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.isdigit()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "islower")]
-    fn islower(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn islower(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.islower()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "isspace")]
-    fn isspace(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isspace(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.isspace()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "isupper")]
-    fn isupper(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isupper(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.isupper()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "istitle")]
-    fn istitle(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn istitle(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.istitle()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "lower")]
-    fn lower(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBytes {
+    fn lower(&self) -> PyBytes {
         self.inner.lower().into()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "upper")]
-    fn upper(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBytes {
+    fn upper(&self) -> PyBytes {
         self.inner.upper().into()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "capitalize")]
-    fn capitalize(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBytes {
+    fn capitalize(&self) -> PyBytes {
         self.inner.capitalize().into()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "swapcase")]
-    fn swapcase(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBytes {
+    fn swapcase(&self) -> PyBytes {
         self.inner.swapcase().into()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "hex")]
-    fn hex(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn hex(&self) -> String {
         self.inner.hex()
     }
 
@@ -330,17 +330,17 @@ impl PyBytes {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "strip")]
-    fn strip(&self, chars: OptionalArg<PyByteInner>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyBytes> {
+    fn strip(&self, chars: OptionalArg<PyByteInner>) -> PyResult<PyBytes> {
         Ok(self.inner.strip(chars, ByteInnerPosition::All)?.into())
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "lstrip")]
-    fn lstrip(&self, chars: OptionalArg<PyByteInner>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyBytes> {
+    fn lstrip(&self, chars: OptionalArg<PyByteInner>) -> PyResult<PyBytes> {
         Ok(self.inner.strip(chars, ByteInnerPosition::Left)?.into())
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "rstrip")]
-    fn rstrip(&self, chars: OptionalArg<PyByteInner>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyBytes> {
+    fn rstrip(&self, chars: OptionalArg<PyByteInner>) -> PyResult<PyBytes> {
         Ok(self.inner.strip(chars, ByteInnerPosition::Right)?.into())
     }
 
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ impl PyBytes {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "expandtabs")]
-    fn expandtabs(&self, options: ByteInnerExpandtabsOptions, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBytes {
+    fn expandtabs(&self, options: ByteInnerExpandtabsOptions) -> PyBytes {
         self.inner.expandtabs(options).into()
     }
 
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ impl PyBytes {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "zfill")]
-    fn zfill(&self, width: PyIntRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBytes {
+    fn zfill(&self, width: PyIntRef) -> PyBytes {
         self.inner.zfill(width).into()
     }
 
@@ -412,24 +412,23 @@ impl PyBytes {
         old: PyByteInner,
         new: PyByteInner,
         count: OptionalArg<PyIntRef>,
-        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<PyBytes> {
         Ok(self.inner.replace(old, new, count)?.into())
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "title")]
-    fn title(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBytes {
+    fn title(&self) -> PyBytes {
         self.inner.title().into()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__mul__")]
-    fn repeat(&self, n: isize, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBytes {
+    fn repeat(&self, n: isize) -> PyBytes {
         self.inner.repeat(n).into()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__rmul__")]
-    fn rmul(&self, n: isize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBytes {
-        self.repeat(n, vm)
+    fn rmul(&self, n: isize) -> PyBytes {
+        self.repeat(n)
     }
 
     fn do_cformat(
@@ -512,7 +511,7 @@ impl PyBytesIterator {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objclassmethod.rs b/vm/src/obj/objclassmethod.rs
index 8c3d5070d..edc579698 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objclassmethod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objclassmethod.rs
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl PyClassMethod {
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "__func__")]
-    fn func(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+    fn func(&self) -> PyObjectRef {
         self.callable.clone()
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objcode.rs b/vm/src/obj/objcode.rs
index b84e50c0e..8c1d9b8e8 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objcode.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objcode.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl PyCodeRef {
         Err(vm.new_type_error("Cannot directly create code object".to_owned()))
     }
 
-    fn repr(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn repr(self) -> String {
         let code = &self.code;
         format!(
             "<code object {} at 0x{:x} file {:?}, line {}>",
@@ -58,19 +58,19 @@ impl PyCodeRef {
         )
     }
 
-    fn co_argcount(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn co_argcount(self) -> usize {
         self.code.arg_names.len()
     }
 
-    fn co_filename(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn co_filename(self) -> String {
         self.code.source_path.clone()
     }
 
-    fn co_firstlineno(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn co_firstlineno(self) -> usize {
         self.code.first_line_number
     }
 
-    fn co_kwonlyargcount(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn co_kwonlyargcount(self) -> usize {
         self.code.kwonlyarg_names.len()
     }
 
@@ -83,11 +83,11 @@ impl PyCodeRef {
         vm.ctx.new_tuple(consts)
     }
 
-    fn co_name(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn co_name(self) -> String {
         self.code.obj_name.clone()
     }
 
-    fn co_flags(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> u8 {
+    fn co_flags(self) -> u8 {
         self.code.flags.bits()
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objcomplex.rs b/vm/src/obj/objcomplex.rs
index 24085c141..fa39c1797 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objcomplex.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objcomplex.rs
@@ -57,17 +57,17 @@ fn try_complex(value: &PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Option<Comp
 #[pyimpl(flags(BASETYPE))]
 impl PyComplex {
     #[pyproperty(name = "real")]
-    fn real(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+    fn real(&self) -> f64 {
         self.value.re
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "imag")]
-    fn imag(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+    fn imag(&self) -> f64 {
         self.value.im
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__abs__")]
-    fn abs(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+    fn abs(&self) -> f64 {
         let Complex64 { im, re } = self.value;
         re.hypot(im)
     }
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ impl PyComplex {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "conjugate")]
-    fn conjugate(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Complex64 {
+    fn conjugate(&self) -> Complex64 {
         self.value.conj()
     }
 
@@ -184,12 +184,12 @@ impl PyComplex {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__neg__")]
-    fn neg(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Complex64 {
+    fn neg(&self) -> Complex64 {
         -self.value
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__repr__")]
-    fn repr(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn repr(&self) -> String {
         let Complex64 { re, im } = self.value;
         if re == 0.0 {
             format!("{}j", im)
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ impl PyComplex {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__bool__")]
-    fn bool(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn bool(&self) -> bool {
         !Complex64::is_zero(&self.value)
     }
 
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ impl PyComplex {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__hash__")]
-    fn hash(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> pyhash::PyHash {
+    fn hash(&self) -> pyhash::PyHash {
         let re_hash = pyhash::hash_float(self.value.re);
         let im_hash = pyhash::hash_float(self.value.im);
         let ret = Wrapping(re_hash) + Wrapping(im_hash) * Wrapping(pyhash::IMAG);
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objcoroutine.rs b/vm/src/obj/objcoroutine.rs
index eb6f1faa2..86cf17a83 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objcoroutine.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objcoroutine.rs
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl PyCoroutine {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__await__")]
-    fn r#await(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyCoroutineWrapper {
+    fn r#await(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyCoroutineWrapper {
         PyCoroutineWrapper { coro: zelf }
     }
 }
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ impl PyValue for PyCoroutineWrapper {
 #[pyimpl]
 impl PyCoroutineWrapper {
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objdict.rs b/vm/src/obj/objdict.rs
index 8eca81299..bcd66d87d 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objdict.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objdict.rs
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ impl PyDictRef {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn bool(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn bool(self) -> bool {
         !self.entries.borrow().is_empty()
     }
 
@@ -168,12 +168,12 @@ impl PyDictRef {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn len(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn len(self) -> usize {
         self.entries.borrow().len()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn sizeof(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn sizeof(self) -> usize {
         size_of::<Self>() + self.entries.borrow().sizeof()
     }
 
@@ -205,27 +205,27 @@ impl PyDictRef {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn clear(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn clear(self) {
         self.entries.borrow_mut().clear()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn iter(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyDictKeyIterator {
+    fn iter(self) -> PyDictKeyIterator {
         PyDictKeyIterator::new(self)
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn keys(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyDictKeys {
+    fn keys(self) -> PyDictKeys {
         PyDictKeys::new(self)
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn values(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyDictValues {
+    fn values(self) -> PyDictValues {
         PyDictValues::new(self)
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn items(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyDictItems {
+    fn items(self) -> PyDictItems {
         PyDictItems::new(self)
     }
 
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ impl PyDictRef {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    pub fn copy(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyDict {
+    pub fn copy(self) -> PyDict {
         PyDict {
             entries: self.entries.clone(),
         }
@@ -508,13 +508,13 @@ macro_rules! dict_iterator {
             }
 
             #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-            fn iter(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> $iter_name {
+            fn iter(&self) -> $iter_name {
                 $iter_name::new(self.dict.clone())
             }
 
             #[pymethod(name = "__len__")]
-            fn len(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
-                self.dict.clone().len(vm)
+            fn len(&self) -> usize {
+                self.dict.clone().len()
             }
 
             #[pymethod(name = "__repr__")]
@@ -579,12 +579,12 @@ macro_rules! dict_iterator {
             }
 
             #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-            fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+            fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
                 zelf
             }
 
             #[pymethod(name = "__length_hint__")]
-            fn length_hint(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+            fn length_hint(&self) -> usize {
                 self.dict
                     .entries
                     .borrow()
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objellipsis.rs b/vm/src/obj/objellipsis.rs
index a8a22a4da..407a9b266 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objellipsis.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objellipsis.rs
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ fn ellipsis_new(cls: PyClassRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
     }
 }
 
-fn ellipsis_repr(_self: PyEllipsisRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+fn ellipsis_repr(_self: PyEllipsisRef) -> String {
     "Ellipsis".to_owned()
 }
 
-fn ellipsis_reduce(_self: PyEllipsisRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+fn ellipsis_reduce(_self: PyEllipsisRef) -> String {
     "Ellipsis".to_owned()
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objenumerate.rs b/vm/src/obj/objenumerate.rs
index 0eddb0c61..4bbe8cacc 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objenumerate.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objenumerate.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ impl PyEnumerate {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objfilter.rs b/vm/src/obj/objfilter.rs
index 482c1ab61..1b3f2ae65 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objfilter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objfilter.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ impl PyFilter {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objfloat.rs b/vm/src/obj/objfloat.rs
index ffc8e946b..cbb5196d7 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objfloat.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objfloat.rs
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ impl PyFloat {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__abs__")]
-    fn abs(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+    fn abs(&self) -> f64 {
         self.value.abs()
     }
 
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ impl PyFloat {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__bool__")]
-    fn bool(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn bool(&self) -> bool {
         self.value != 0.0
     }
 
@@ -350,12 +350,12 @@ impl PyFloat {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__pos__")]
-    fn pos(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+    fn pos(&self) -> f64 {
         self.value
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__neg__")]
-    fn neg(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+    fn neg(&self) -> f64 {
         -self.value
     }
 
@@ -380,14 +380,14 @@ impl PyFloat {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__repr__")]
-    fn repr(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn repr(&self) -> String {
         let value = format!("{:e}", self.value);
         if let Some(position) = value.find('e') {
             let significand = &value[..position];
             let exponent = &value[position + 1..];
             let exponent = exponent.parse::<i32>().unwrap();
             if exponent < 16 && exponent > -5 {
-                if self.is_integer(vm) {
+                if self.is_integer() {
                     format!("{:.1?}", self.value)
                 } else {
                     self.value.to_string()
@@ -489,32 +489,32 @@ impl PyFloat {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__float__")]
-    fn float(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyFloatRef {
+    fn float(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyFloatRef {
         zelf
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__hash__")]
-    fn hash(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> pyhash::PyHash {
+    fn hash(&self) -> pyhash::PyHash {
         pyhash::hash_float(self.value)
     }
 
     #[pyproperty]
-    fn real(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyFloatRef {
+    fn real(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyFloatRef {
         zelf
     }
 
     #[pyproperty]
-    fn imag(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+    fn imag(&self) -> f64 {
         0.0f64
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "conjugate")]
-    fn conjugate(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyFloatRef {
+    fn conjugate(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyFloatRef {
         zelf
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "is_integer")]
-    fn is_integer(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn is_integer(&self) -> bool {
         let v = self.value;
         (v - v.round()).abs() < std::f64::EPSILON
     }
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ impl PyFloat {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn hex(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn hex(&self) -> String {
         to_hex(self.value)
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objframe.rs b/vm/src/obj/objframe.rs
index 73067bd4b..48e419154 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objframe.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objframe.rs
@@ -20,27 +20,27 @@ impl FrameRef {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__repr__")]
-    fn repr(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn repr(self) -> String {
         "<frame object at .. >".to_owned()
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn clear(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn clear(self) {
         // TODO
     }
 
     #[pyproperty]
-    fn f_globals(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyDictRef {
+    fn f_globals(self) -> PyDictRef {
         self.scope.globals.clone()
     }
 
     #[pyproperty]
-    fn f_locals(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyDictRef {
+    fn f_locals(self) -> PyDictRef {
         self.scope.get_locals()
     }
 
     #[pyproperty]
-    fn f_code(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyCodeRef {
+    fn f_code(self) -> PyCodeRef {
         self.code.clone()
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objfunction.rs b/vm/src/obj/objfunction.rs
index d3532d01a..b9994712d 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objfunction.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objfunction.rs
@@ -250,17 +250,17 @@ impl PyFunction {
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(magic)]
-    fn code(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyCodeRef {
+    fn code(&self) -> PyCodeRef {
         self.code.clone()
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(magic)]
-    fn defaults(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<PyTupleRef> {
+    fn defaults(&self) -> Option<PyTupleRef> {
         self.defaults.clone()
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(magic)]
-    fn kwdefaults(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<PyDictRef> {
+    fn kwdefaults(&self) -> Option<PyDictRef> {
         self.kw_only_defaults.clone()
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objgenerator.rs b/vm/src/obj/objgenerator.rs
index a42519d7f..8d72218c4 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objgenerator.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objgenerator.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl PyGenerator {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyGeneratorRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyGeneratorRef {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyGeneratorRef) -> PyGeneratorRef {
         zelf
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objint.rs b/vm/src/obj/objint.rs
index 3af40eef9..9b5d0185b 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objint.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objint.rs
@@ -413,17 +413,17 @@ impl PyInt {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__neg__")]
-    fn neg(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> BigInt {
+    fn neg(&self) -> BigInt {
         -(&self.value)
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__hash__")]
-    pub fn hash(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> pyhash::PyHash {
+    pub fn hash(&self) -> pyhash::PyHash {
         pyhash::hash_bigint(&self.value)
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__abs__")]
-    fn abs(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> BigInt {
+    fn abs(&self) -> BigInt {
         self.value.abs()
     }
 
@@ -457,12 +457,12 @@ impl PyInt {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__int__")]
-    fn int(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyIntRef {
+    fn int(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyIntRef {
         zelf
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__pos__")]
-    fn pos(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> BigInt {
+    fn pos(&self) -> BigInt {
         self.value.clone()
     }
 
@@ -472,32 +472,32 @@ impl PyInt {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__trunc__")]
-    fn trunc(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyIntRef {
+    fn trunc(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyIntRef {
         zelf
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__floor__")]
-    fn floor(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyIntRef {
+    fn floor(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyIntRef {
         zelf
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__ceil__")]
-    fn ceil(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyIntRef {
+    fn ceil(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyIntRef {
         zelf
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__index__")]
-    fn index(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyIntRef {
+    fn index(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyIntRef {
         zelf
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__invert__")]
-    fn invert(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> BigInt {
+    fn invert(&self) -> BigInt {
         !(&self.value)
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__repr__")]
-    fn repr(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn repr(&self) -> String {
         self.value.to_string()
     }
 
@@ -512,22 +512,22 @@ impl PyInt {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__bool__")]
-    fn bool(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn bool(&self) -> bool {
         !self.value.is_zero()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__sizeof__")]
-    fn sizeof(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn sizeof(&self) -> usize {
         size_of::<Self>() + ((self.value.bits() + 7) & !7) / 8
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn bit_length(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn bit_length(&self) -> usize {
         self.value.bits()
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn conjugate(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyIntRef {
+    fn conjugate(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyIntRef {
         zelf
     }
 
@@ -631,17 +631,17 @@ impl PyInt {
     }
 
     #[pyproperty]
-    fn imag(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn imag(&self) -> usize {
         0
     }
 
     #[pyproperty]
-    fn numerator(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyIntRef {
+    fn numerator(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyIntRef {
         zelf
     }
 
     #[pyproperty]
-    fn denominator(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn denominator(&self) -> usize {
         1
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objiter.rs b/vm/src/obj/objiter.rs
index 2d98a0403..5c1e06a6b 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objiter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objiter.rs
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ impl PySequenceIterator {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ impl PySequenceIterator {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn seq_iter_method(obj: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PySequenceIterator {
+pub fn seq_iter_method(obj: PyObjectRef) -> PySequenceIterator {
     PySequenceIterator {
         position: Cell::new(0),
         obj,
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objlist.rs b/vm/src/obj/objlist.rs
index 94b854873..db4c981ee 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objlist.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objlist.rs
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ pub type PyListRef = PyRef<PyList>;
 #[pyimpl(flags(BASETYPE))]
 impl PyList {
     #[pymethod]
-    pub(crate) fn append(&self, x: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    pub(crate) fn append(&self, x: PyObjectRef) {
         self.elements.borrow_mut().push(x);
     }
 
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ impl PyList {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn insert(&self, position: isize, element: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn insert(&self, position: isize, element: PyObjectRef) {
         let mut vec = self.elements.borrow_mut();
         let vec_len = vec.len().to_isize().unwrap();
         // This unbounded position can be < 0 or > vec.len()
@@ -201,12 +201,12 @@ impl PyList {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__bool__")]
-    fn bool(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn bool(&self) -> bool {
         !self.elements.borrow().is_empty()
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn clear(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn clear(&self) {
         self.elements.borrow_mut().clear();
     }
 
@@ -216,22 +216,22 @@ impl PyList {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__len__")]
-    fn len(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.elements.borrow().len()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__sizeof__")]
-    fn sizeof(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn sizeof(&self) -> usize {
         size_of::<Self>() + self.elements.borrow().capacity() * size_of::<PyObjectRef>()
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn reverse(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn reverse(&self) {
         self.elements.borrow_mut().reverse();
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__reversed__")]
-    fn reversed(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyListReverseIterator {
+    fn reversed(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyListReverseIterator {
         let final_position = zelf.elements.borrow().len();
         PyListReverseIterator {
             position: Cell::new(final_position),
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ impl PyList {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyListIterator {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyListIterator {
         PyListIterator {
             position: Cell::new(0),
             list: zelf,
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ impl PyList {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__imul__")]
-    fn imul(zelf: PyRef<Self>, counter: isize, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn imul(zelf: PyRef<Self>, counter: isize) -> PyRef<Self> {
         let new_elements = sequence::seq_mul(&zelf.borrow_sequence(), counter)
             .cloned()
             .collect();
@@ -868,12 +868,12 @@ impl PyListIterator {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__length_hint__")]
-    fn length_hint(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn length_hint(&self) -> usize {
         self.list.elements.borrow().len() - self.position.get()
     }
 }
@@ -906,12 +906,12 @@ impl PyListReverseIterator {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__length_hint__")]
-    fn length_hint(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn length_hint(&self) -> usize {
         self.position.get()
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objmap.rs b/vm/src/obj/objmap.rs
index 86ff0fdc6..a90b1c025 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objmap.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objmap.rs
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ impl PyMap {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objnone.rs b/vm/src/obj/objnone.rs
index cb42e879e..f618927e1 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objnone.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objnone.rs
@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ impl PyNone {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__repr__")]
-    fn repr(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
+    fn repr(&self) -> PyResult<String> {
         Ok("None".to_owned())
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__bool__")]
-    fn bool(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool> {
+    fn bool(&self) -> PyResult<bool> {
         Ok(false)
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objobject.rs b/vm/src/obj/objobject.rs
index bafec4abb..5878108c6 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objobject.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objobject.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ impl PyBaseObject {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn eq(zelf: PyObjectRef, other: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyComparisonValue {
+    fn eq(zelf: PyObjectRef, other: PyObjectRef) -> PyComparisonValue {
         if zelf.is(&other) {
             Implemented(true)
         } else {
@@ -64,27 +64,27 @@ impl PyBaseObject {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn lt(_zelf: PyObjectRef, _other: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyComparisonValue {
+    fn lt(_zelf: PyObjectRef, _other: PyObjectRef) -> PyComparisonValue {
         NotImplemented
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn le(_zelf: PyObjectRef, _other: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyComparisonValue {
+    fn le(_zelf: PyObjectRef, _other: PyObjectRef) -> PyComparisonValue {
         NotImplemented
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn gt(_zelf: PyObjectRef, _other: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyComparisonValue {
+    fn gt(_zelf: PyObjectRef, _other: PyObjectRef) -> PyComparisonValue {
         NotImplemented
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn ge(_zelf: PyObjectRef, _other: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyComparisonValue {
+    fn ge(_zelf: PyObjectRef, _other: PyObjectRef) -> PyComparisonValue {
         NotImplemented
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn hash(zelf: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> pyhash::PyHash {
+    fn hash(zelf: PyObjectRef) -> pyhash::PyHash {
         zelf.get_id() as pyhash::PyHash
     }
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ impl PyBaseObject {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn repr(zelf: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn repr(zelf: PyObjectRef) -> String {
         format!("<{} object at 0x{:x}>", zelf.class().name, zelf.get_id())
     }
 
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ impl PyBaseObject {
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "__class__")]
-    fn get_class(obj: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+    fn get_class(obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyObjectRef {
         obj.class().into_object()
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objproperty.rs b/vm/src/obj/objproperty.rs
index cb6c21cd1..f97c9a8ed 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objproperty.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objproperty.rs
@@ -129,21 +129,21 @@ impl PyProperty {
     // Access functions
 
     #[pyproperty]
-    fn fget(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<PyObjectRef> {
+    fn fget(&self) -> Option<PyObjectRef> {
         self.getter.clone()
     }
 
     #[pyproperty]
-    fn fset(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<PyObjectRef> {
+    fn fset(&self) -> Option<PyObjectRef> {
         self.setter.clone()
     }
 
     #[pyproperty]
-    fn fdel(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<PyObjectRef> {
+    fn fdel(&self) -> Option<PyObjectRef> {
         self.deleter.clone()
     }
 
-    fn doc_getter(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<PyObjectRef> {
+    fn doc_getter(&self) -> Option<PyObjectRef> {
         self.doc.borrow().clone()
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objrange.rs b/vm/src/obj/objrange.rs
index 569dc4b47..a0dc60d27 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objrange.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objrange.rs
@@ -154,22 +154,22 @@ impl PyRange {
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "start")]
-    fn start(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyIntRef {
+    fn start(&self) -> PyIntRef {
         self.start.clone()
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "stop")]
-    fn stop(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyIntRef {
+    fn stop(&self) -> PyIntRef {
         self.stop.clone()
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "step")]
-    fn step(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyIntRef {
+    fn step(&self) -> PyIntRef {
         self.step.clone()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRangeIterator {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRangeIterator {
         PyRangeIterator {
             position: Cell::new(0),
             range: zelf,
@@ -210,12 +210,12 @@ impl PyRange {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__len__")]
-    fn len(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> BigInt {
+    fn len(&self) -> BigInt {
         self.length()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__repr__")]
-    fn repr(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn repr(&self) -> String {
         if self.step.as_bigint().is_one() {
             format!("range({}, {})", self.start, self.stop)
         } else {
@@ -224,12 +224,12 @@ impl PyRange {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__bool__")]
-    fn bool(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn bool(&self) -> bool {
         !self.is_empty()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__contains__")]
-    fn contains(&self, needle: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn contains(&self, needle: PyObjectRef) -> bool {
         if let Ok(int) = needle.downcast::<PyInt>() {
             match self.offset(int.as_bigint()) {
                 Some(ref offset) => offset.is_multiple_of(self.step.as_bigint()),
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ impl PyRange {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "count")]
-    fn count(&self, item: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn count(&self, item: PyObjectRef) -> usize {
         if let Ok(int) = item.downcast::<PyInt>() {
             if self.index_of(int.as_bigint()).is_some() {
                 1
@@ -341,8 +341,8 @@ impl PyRange {
             RangeIndex::Slice(slice) => {
                 let (mut substart, mut substop, mut substep) =
                     slice.inner_indices(&self.length(), vm)?;
-                let range_step = self.step(vm);
-                let range_start = self.start(vm);
+                let range_step = &self.step;
+                let range_start = &self.start;
 
                 substep *= range_step.as_bigint();
                 substart = (substart * range_step.as_bigint()) + range_start.as_bigint();
@@ -371,14 +371,14 @@ impl PyRange {
         } else if length.is_one() {
             vec![
                 vm.ctx.new_int(length),
-                zelf.start(vm).into_object(),
+                zelf.start().into_object(),
                 vm.get_none(),
             ]
         } else {
             vec![
                 vm.ctx.new_int(length),
-                zelf.start(vm).into_object(),
-                zelf.step(vm).into_object(),
+                zelf.start().into_object(),
+                zelf.step().into_object(),
             ]
         };
         pyhash::hash_iter(elements.iter(), vm)
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ impl PyRangeIterator {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRangeIteratorRef {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRangeIteratorRef {
         zelf
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objset.rs b/vm/src/obj/objset.rs
index 73e48ad24..146d8511b 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objset.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objset.rs
@@ -343,17 +343,17 @@ impl PySet {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__len__")]
-    fn len(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.inner.borrow().len()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__sizeof__")]
-    fn sizeof(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn sizeof(&self) -> usize {
         std::mem::size_of::<Self>() + self.inner.borrow().sizeof()
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn copy(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self {
+    fn copy(&self) -> Self {
         Self {
             inner: RefCell::new(self.inner.borrow().copy()),
         }
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ impl PySet {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn clear(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn clear(&self) {
         self.inner.borrow_mut().clear()
     }
 
@@ -599,17 +599,17 @@ impl PyFrozenSet {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__len__")]
-    fn len(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.inner.len()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__sizeof__")]
-    fn sizeof(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn sizeof(&self) -> usize {
         std::mem::size_of::<Self>() + self.inner.sizeof()
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn copy(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self {
+    fn copy(&self) -> Self {
         Self {
             inner: self.inner.copy(),
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objslice.rs b/vm/src/obj/objslice.rs
index 51ceb237d..3c21ea789 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objslice.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objslice.rs
@@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ impl PySlice {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__repr__")]
-    fn repr(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
-        let start = self.start(_vm);
-        let stop = self.stop(_vm);
-        let step = self.step(_vm);
+    fn repr(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
+        let start = self.start(vm);
+        let stop = self.stop(vm);
+        let step = self.step(vm);
 
-        let start_repr = _vm.to_repr(&start)?;
-        let stop_repr = _vm.to_repr(&stop)?;
-        let step_repr = _vm.to_repr(&step)?;
+        let start_repr = vm.to_repr(&start)?;
+        let stop_repr = vm.to_repr(&stop)?;
+        let step_repr = vm.to_repr(&step)?;
 
         Ok(format!(
             "slice({}, {}, {})",
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objstr.rs b/vm/src/obj/objstr.rs
index 9be051230..a2c8acc0b 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objstr.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objstr.rs
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ impl PyStringIterator {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ impl PyStringReverseIterator {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__bool__")]
-    fn bool(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn bool(&self) -> bool {
         !self.value.is_empty()
     }
 
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__contains__")]
-    fn contains(&self, needle: PyStringRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn contains(&self, needle: PyStringRef) -> bool {
         self.value.contains(&needle.value)
     }
 
@@ -285,27 +285,27 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__gt__")]
-    fn gt(&self, other: PyStringRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn gt(&self, other: PyStringRef) -> bool {
         self.value > other.value
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__ge__")]
-    fn ge(&self, other: PyStringRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn ge(&self, other: PyStringRef) -> bool {
         self.value >= other.value
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__lt__")]
-    fn lt(&self, other: PyStringRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn lt(&self, other: PyStringRef) -> bool {
         self.value < other.value
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__le__")]
-    fn le(&self, other: PyStringRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn le(&self, other: PyStringRef) -> bool {
         self.value <= other.value
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__hash__")]
-    fn hash(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> pyhash::PyHash {
+    fn hash(&self) -> pyhash::PyHash {
         match self.hash.get() {
             Some(hash) => hash,
             None => {
@@ -317,12 +317,12 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__len__")]
-    fn len(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.value.chars().count()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__sizeof__")]
-    fn sizeof(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn sizeof(&self) -> usize {
         size_of::<Self>() + self.value.capacity() * size_of::<u8>()
     }
 
@@ -343,12 +343,12 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__str__")]
-    fn str(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyStringRef {
+    fn str(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyStringRef {
         zelf
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__repr__")]
-    fn repr(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn repr(&self) -> String {
         let value = &self.value;
         let quote_char = if count_char(value, '\'') > count_char(value, '"') {
             '"'
@@ -390,23 +390,23 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn lower(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn lower(&self) -> String {
         self.value.to_lowercase()
     }
 
     // casefold is much more aggressive than lower
     #[pymethod]
-    fn casefold(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn casefold(&self) -> String {
         caseless::default_case_fold_str(&self.value)
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn upper(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn upper(&self) -> String {
         self.value.to_uppercase()
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn capitalize(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn capitalize(&self) -> String {
         let (first_part, lower_str) = self.value.split_at(1);
         format!("{}{}", first_part.to_uppercase(), lower_str)
     }
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn strip(&self, chars: OptionalArg<PyStringRef>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn strip(&self, chars: OptionalArg<PyStringRef>) -> String {
         let chars = match chars {
             OptionalArg::Present(ref chars) => &chars.value,
             OptionalArg::Missing => return self.value.trim().to_owned(),
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn lstrip(&self, chars: OptionalArg<PyStringRef>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn lstrip(&self, chars: OptionalArg<PyStringRef>) -> String {
         let chars = match chars {
             OptionalArg::Present(ref chars) => &chars.value,
             OptionalArg::Missing => return self.value.trim_start().to_owned(),
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn rstrip(&self, chars: OptionalArg<PyStringRef>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn rstrip(&self, chars: OptionalArg<PyStringRef>) -> String {
         let chars = match chars {
             OptionalArg::Present(ref chars) => &chars.value,
             OptionalArg::Missing => return self.value.trim_end().to_owned(),
@@ -554,17 +554,17 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn isalnum(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isalnum(&self) -> bool {
         !self.value.is_empty() && self.value.chars().all(char::is_alphanumeric)
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn isnumeric(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isnumeric(&self) -> bool {
         !self.value.is_empty() && self.value.chars().all(char::is_numeric)
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn isdigit(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isdigit(&self) -> bool {
         // python's isdigit also checks if exponents are digits, these are the unicodes for exponents
         let valid_unicodes: [u16; 10] = [
             0x2070, 0x00B9, 0x00B2, 0x00B3, 0x2074, 0x2075, 0x2076, 0x2077, 0x2078, 0x2079,
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn isdecimal(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isdecimal(&self) -> bool {
         if self.value.is_empty() {
             false
         } else {
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ impl PyString {
     /// Return a titlecased version of the string where words start with an
     /// uppercase character and the remaining characters are lowercase.
     #[pymethod]
-    fn title(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn title(&self) -> String {
         let mut title = String::with_capacity(self.value.len());
         let mut previous_is_cased = false;
         for c in self.value.chars() {
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn swapcase(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn swapcase(&self) -> String {
         let mut swapped_str = String::with_capacity(self.value.len());
         for c in self.value.chars() {
             // to_uppercase returns an iterator, to_ascii_uppercase returns the char
@@ -703,18 +703,12 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn isalpha(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isalpha(&self) -> bool {
         !self.value.is_empty() && self.value.chars().all(char::is_alphanumeric)
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn replace(
-        &self,
-        old: PyStringRef,
-        new: PyStringRef,
-        num: OptionalArg<usize>,
-        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> String {
+    fn replace(&self, old: PyStringRef, new: PyStringRef, num: OptionalArg<usize>) -> String {
         match num.into_option() {
             Some(num) => self.value.replacen(&old.value, &new.value, num),
             None => self.value.replace(&old.value, &new.value),
@@ -737,7 +731,7 @@ impl PyString {
     ///   * Zp Separator, Paragraph ('\u2029', PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR)
     ///   * Zs (Separator, Space) other than ASCII space('\x20').
     #[pymethod]
-    fn isprintable(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isprintable(&self) -> bool {
         self.value
             .chars()
             .all(|c| c == '\u{0020}' || char_is_printable(c))
@@ -746,13 +740,13 @@ impl PyString {
     // cpython's isspace ignores whitespace, including \t and \n, etc, unless the whole string is empty
     // which is why isspace is using is_ascii_whitespace. Same for isupper & islower
     #[pymethod]
-    fn isspace(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isspace(&self) -> bool {
         !self.value.is_empty() && self.value.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_whitespace())
     }
 
     // Return true if all cased characters in the string are uppercase and there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.
     #[pymethod]
-    fn isupper(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isupper(&self) -> bool {
         let mut cased = false;
         for c in self.value.chars() {
             if is_cased(c) && c.is_uppercase() {
@@ -766,7 +760,7 @@ impl PyString {
 
     // Return true if all cased characters in the string are lowercase and there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.
     #[pymethod]
-    fn islower(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn islower(&self) -> bool {
         let mut cased = false;
         for c in self.value.chars() {
             if is_cased(c) && c.is_lowercase() {
@@ -779,7 +773,7 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn isascii(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isascii(&self) -> bool {
         !self.value.is_empty() && self.value.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii())
     }
 
@@ -821,13 +815,7 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn find(
-        &self,
-        sub: PyStringRef,
-        start: OptionalArg<isize>,
-        end: OptionalArg<isize>,
-        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> isize {
+    fn find(&self, sub: PyStringRef, start: OptionalArg<isize>, end: OptionalArg<isize>) -> isize {
         let value = &self.value;
         if let Some((start, end)) = adjust_indices(start, end, value.len()) {
             match value[start..end].find(&sub.value) {
@@ -840,13 +828,7 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn rfind(
-        &self,
-        sub: PyStringRef,
-        start: OptionalArg<isize>,
-        end: OptionalArg<isize>,
-        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> isize {
+    fn rfind(&self, sub: PyStringRef, start: OptionalArg<isize>, end: OptionalArg<isize>) -> isize {
         let value = &self.value;
         if let Some((start, end)) = adjust_indices(start, end, value.len()) {
             match value[start..end].rfind(&sub.value) {
@@ -938,7 +920,7 @@ impl PyString {
     /// Return `true` if the sequence is ASCII titlecase and the sequence is not
     /// empty, `false` otherwise.
     #[pymethod]
-    fn istitle(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn istitle(&self) -> bool {
         if self.value.is_empty() {
             return false;
         }
@@ -966,13 +948,7 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn count(
-        &self,
-        sub: PyStringRef,
-        start: OptionalArg<isize>,
-        end: OptionalArg<isize>,
-        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> usize {
+    fn count(&self, sub: PyStringRef, start: OptionalArg<isize>, end: OptionalArg<isize>) -> usize {
         let value = &self.value;
         if let Some((start, end)) = adjust_indices(start, end, value.len()) {
             self.value[start..end].matches(&sub.value).count()
@@ -982,7 +958,7 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn zfill(&self, len: usize, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn zfill(&self, len: usize) -> String {
         let value = &self.value;
         if len <= value.len() {
             value.to_owned()
@@ -1073,7 +1049,7 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn expandtabs(&self, tab_stop: OptionalArg<usize>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn expandtabs(&self, tab_stop: OptionalArg<usize>) -> String {
         let tab_stop = tab_stop.into_option().unwrap_or(8 as usize);
         let mut expanded_str = String::with_capacity(self.value.len());
         let mut tab_size = tab_stop;
@@ -1097,7 +1073,7 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn isidentifier(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn isidentifier(&self) -> bool {
         let mut chars = self.value.chars();
         let is_identifier_start = chars.next().map_or(false, |c| c == '_' || is_xid_start(c));
         // a string is not an identifier if it has whitespace or starts with a number
@@ -1151,7 +1127,7 @@ impl PyString {
         if let OptionalArg::Present(to_str) = to_str {
             match dict_or_str.downcast::<PyString>() {
                 Ok(from_str) => {
-                    if to_str.len(vm) == from_str.len(vm) {
+                    if to_str.len() == from_str.len() {
                         for (c1, c2) in from_str.value.chars().zip(to_str.value.chars()) {
                             new_dict.set_item(&vm.new_int(c1 as u32), vm.new_int(c2 as u32), vm)?;
                         }
@@ -1184,7 +1160,7 @@ impl PyString {
                                 vm,
                             )?;
                         } else if let Some(string) = key.payload::<PyString>() {
-                            if string.len(vm) == 1 {
+                            if string.len() == 1 {
                                 let num_value = string.value.chars().next().unwrap() as u32;
                                 new_dict.set_item(&num_value.into_pyobject(vm)?, val, vm)?;
                             } else {
@@ -1214,7 +1190,7 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyStringIterator {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyStringIterator {
         PyStringIterator {
             byte_position: Cell::new(0),
             string: zelf,
@@ -1222,7 +1198,7 @@ impl PyString {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__reversed__")]
-    fn reversed(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyStringReverseIterator {
+    fn reversed(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyStringReverseIterator {
         let begin = zelf.value.chars().count();
 
         PyStringReverseIterator {
@@ -1735,7 +1711,7 @@ mod tests {
             ("Greek ῼitlecases ...", "greek ῳitlecases ..."),
         ];
         for (title, input) in tests {
-            assert_eq!(PyString::from(input).title(&vm).as_str(), title);
+            assert_eq!(PyString::from(input).title().as_str(), title);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1753,7 +1729,7 @@ mod tests {
         ];
 
         for s in pos {
-            assert!(PyString::from(s).istitle(&vm));
+            assert!(PyString::from(s).istitle());
         }
 
         let neg = vec![
@@ -1766,7 +1742,7 @@ mod tests {
             "NOT",
         ];
         for s in neg {
-            assert!(!PyString::from(s).istitle(&vm));
+            assert!(!PyString::from(s).istitle());
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objsuper.rs b/vm/src/obj/objsuper.rs
index 89520235b..0fcc7fd83 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objsuper.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objsuper.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ impl PyValue for PySuper {
 #[pyimpl]
 impl PySuper {
     #[pymethod(name = "__repr__")]
-    fn repr(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn repr(&self) -> String {
         let class_type_str = if let Ok(type_class) = self.typ.clone().downcast::<PyClass>() {
             type_class.name.clone()
         } else {
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objtraceback.rs b/vm/src/obj/objtraceback.rs
index 4a49bebec..ff49abbf1 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objtraceback.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objtraceback.rs
@@ -32,22 +32,22 @@ impl PyTraceback {
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "tb_frame")]
-    fn frame(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> FrameRef {
+    fn frame(&self) -> FrameRef {
         self.frame.clone()
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "tb_lasti")]
-    fn lasti(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn lasti(&self) -> usize {
         self.lasti
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "tb_lineno")]
-    fn lineno(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn lineno(&self) -> usize {
         self.lineno
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "tb_next")]
-    fn next_get(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<PyTracebackRef> {
+    fn next_get(&self) -> Option<PyTracebackRef> {
         self.next.as_ref().cloned()
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objtuple.rs b/vm/src/obj/objtuple.rs
index 27be3b360..d868216a6 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objtuple.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objtuple.rs
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ impl PyTuple {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__bool__")]
-    fn bool(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn bool(&self) -> bool {
         !self.elements.is_empty()
     }
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ impl PyTuple {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTupleIterator {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyTupleIterator {
         PyTupleIterator {
             position: Cell::new(0),
             tuple: zelf,
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ impl PyTuple {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__len__")]
-    fn len(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.elements.len()
     }
 
@@ -191,18 +191,14 @@ impl PyTuple {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__mul__")]
-    fn mul(&self, counter: isize, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTuple {
+    #[pymethod(name = "__rmul__")]
+    fn mul(&self, counter: isize) -> PyTuple {
         let new_elements: Vec<_> = sequence::seq_mul(&self.elements, counter)
             .cloned()
             .collect();
         new_elements.into()
     }
 
-    #[pymethod(name = "__rmul__")]
-    fn rmul(&self, counter: isize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTuple {
-        self.mul(counter, vm)
-    }
-
     #[pymethod(name = "__getitem__")]
     fn getitem(zelf: PyRef<Self>, needle: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         get_item(vm, zelf.as_object(), &zelf.elements, needle.clone())
@@ -271,7 +267,7 @@ impl PyTupleIterator {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objtype.rs b/vm/src/obj/objtype.rs
index 922993c98..3d5f75ca5 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objtype.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objtype.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ impl PyClassRef {
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "__mro__")]
-    fn get_mro(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTuple {
+    fn get_mro(self) -> PyTuple {
         let elements: Vec<PyObjectRef> =
             _mro(&self).iter().map(|x| x.as_object().clone()).collect();
         PyTuple::from(elements)
@@ -103,22 +103,22 @@ impl PyClassRef {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn instancecheck(self, obj: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn instancecheck(self, obj: PyObjectRef) -> bool {
         isinstance(&obj, &self)
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn subclasscheck(self, subclass: PyClassRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn subclasscheck(self, subclass: PyClassRef) -> bool {
         issubclass(&subclass, &self)
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(magic)]
-    fn name(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn name(self) -> String {
         self.name.clone()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn repr(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn repr(self) -> String {
         format!("<class '{}'>", self.name)
     }
 
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ impl PyClassRef {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn subclasses(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyList {
+    fn subclasses(self) -> PyList {
         let mut subclasses = self.subclasses.borrow_mut();
         subclasses.retain(|x| x.upgrade().is_some());
         PyList::from(
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objzip.rs b/vm/src/obj/objzip.rs
index bc024cd42..751a9731f 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objzip.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objzip.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl PyZip {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/array.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/array.rs
index 970d817f8..9ea0d5bf5 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/array.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/array.rs
@@ -217,12 +217,12 @@ impl PyArray {
     }
 
     #[pyproperty]
-    fn typecode(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn typecode(&self) -> String {
         self.array.borrow().typecode().to_string()
     }
 
     #[pyproperty]
-    fn itemsize(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn itemsize(&self) -> usize {
         self.array.borrow().itemsize()
     }
 
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ impl PyArray {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn buffer_info(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> (usize, usize) {
+    fn buffer_info(&self) -> (usize, usize) {
         let array = self.array.borrow();
         (array.addr(), array.len())
     }
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ impl PyArray {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn tobytes(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Vec<u8> {
+    fn tobytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
         self.array.borrow().tobytes()
     }
 
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ impl PyArray {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn reverse(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn reverse(&self) {
         self.array.borrow_mut().reverse()
     }
 
@@ -349,12 +349,12 @@ impl PyArray {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__len__")]
-    fn len(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.array.borrow().len()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyArrayIter {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyArrayIter {
         PyArrayIter {
             position: Cell::new(0),
             array: zelf,
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ impl PyArrayIter {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/binascii.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/binascii.rs
index 6b4469660..18db3e7d9 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/binascii.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/binascii.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ fn hex_nibble(n: u8) -> u8 {
     }
 }
 
-fn binascii_hexlify(data: PyBytesLike, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Vec<u8> {
+fn binascii_hexlify(data: PyBytesLike) -> Vec<u8> {
     data.with_ref(|bytes| {
         let mut hex = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(bytes.len() * 2);
         for b in bytes.iter() {
@@ -124,11 +124,7 @@ fn binascii_a2b_base64(s: SerializedData, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u
         .map_err(|err| vm.new_value_error(format!("error decoding base64: {}", err)))
 }
 
-fn binascii_b2a_base64(
-    data: PyBytesLike,
-    NewlineArg { newline }: NewlineArg,
-    _vm: &VirtualMachine,
-) -> Vec<u8> {
+fn binascii_b2a_base64(data: PyBytesLike, NewlineArg { newline }: NewlineArg) -> Vec<u8> {
     let mut encoded = data.with_ref(base64::encode).into_bytes();
     if newline {
         encoded.push(b'\n');
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs
index 245fc1969..5a5c6b9ea 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ impl PyDeque {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn append(&self, obj: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn append(&self, obj: PyObjectRef) {
         let mut deque = self.deque.borrow_mut();
         if self.maxlen.get() == Some(deque.len()) {
             deque.pop_front();
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl PyDeque {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn appendleft(&self, obj: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn appendleft(&self, obj: PyObjectRef) {
         let mut deque = self.deque.borrow_mut();
         if self.maxlen.get() == Some(deque.len()) {
             deque.pop_back();
@@ -75,12 +75,12 @@ impl PyDeque {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn clear(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn clear(&self) {
         self.deque.borrow_mut().clear()
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn copy(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self {
+    fn copy(&self) -> Self {
         self.clone()
     }
 
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ impl PyDeque {
     fn extend(&self, iter: PyIterable, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
         // TODO: use length_hint here and for extendleft
         for elem in iter.iter(vm)? {
-            self.append(elem?, vm);
+            self.append(elem?);
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ impl PyDeque {
     #[pymethod]
     fn extendleft(&self, iter: PyIterable, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
         for elem in iter.iter(vm)? {
-            self.appendleft(elem?, vm);
+            self.appendleft(elem?);
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -191,13 +191,13 @@ impl PyDeque {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn reverse(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn reverse(&self) {
         self.deque
             .replace_with(|deque| deque.iter().cloned().rev().collect());
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn rotate(&self, mid: OptionalArg<isize>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn rotate(&self, mid: OptionalArg<isize>) {
         let mut deque = self.deque.borrow_mut();
         let mid = mid.unwrap_or(1);
         if mid < 0 {
@@ -208,12 +208,12 @@ impl PyDeque {
     }
 
     #[pyproperty]
-    fn maxlen(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<usize> {
+    fn maxlen(&self) -> Option<usize> {
         self.maxlen.get()
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(setter)]
-    fn set_maxlen(&self, maxlen: Option<usize>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn set_maxlen(&self, maxlen: Option<usize>) {
         self.maxlen.set(maxlen);
     }
 
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ impl PyDeque {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__mul__")]
-    fn mul(&self, n: isize, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self {
+    fn mul(&self, n: isize) -> Self {
         let deque: &VecDeque<_> = &self.deque.borrow();
         let mul = sequence::seq_mul(deque, n);
         let skipped = if let Some(maxlen) = self.maxlen.get() {
@@ -342,12 +342,12 @@ impl PyDeque {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__len__")]
-    fn len(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.deque.borrow().len()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyDequeIterator {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyDequeIterator {
         PyDequeIterator {
             position: Cell::new(0),
             deque: zelf,
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ impl PyDequeIterator {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/faulthandler.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/faulthandler.rs
index d8d4b7166..9fe27cbc0 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/faulthandler.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/faulthandler.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn dump_traceback(_file: OptionalArg<i64>, _all_threads: OptionalArg<bool>, vm:
     }
 }
 
-fn enable(_file: OptionalArg<i64>, _all_threads: OptionalArg<bool>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+fn enable(_file: OptionalArg<i64>, _all_threads: OptionalArg<bool>) {
     // TODO
 }
 
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ fn register(
     _file: OptionalArg<i64>,
     _all_threads: OptionalArg<bool>,
     _chain: OptionalArg<bool>,
-    _vm: &VirtualMachine,
 ) {
     // TODO
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/hashlib.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/hashlib.rs
index 98a7ce9dd..318994e45 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/hashlib.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/hashlib.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ impl PyHasher {
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "name")]
-    fn name(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
         self.name.clone()
     }
 
@@ -65,13 +65,13 @@ impl PyHasher {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "digest")]
-    fn digest(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBytes {
+    fn digest(&self) -> PyBytes {
         let result = self.get_digest();
         PyBytes::new(result)
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "hexdigest")]
-    fn hexdigest(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn hexdigest(&self) -> String {
         let result = self.get_digest();
         hex::encode(result)
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs
index 4274121b4..ee0d78de6 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ fn imp_create_builtin(spec: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
     }
 }
 
-fn imp_exec_builtin(_mod: PyModuleRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> i32 {
+fn imp_exec_builtin(_mod: PyModuleRef) -> i32 {
     // TOOD: Should we do something here?
     0
 }
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn imp_is_frozen_package(name: PyStringRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<boo
         })
 }
 
-fn imp_fix_co_filename(_code: PyObjectRef, _path: PyStringRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+fn imp_fix_co_filename(_code: PyObjectRef, _path: PyStringRef) {
     // TODO:
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index cc43860e2..fc1c8ea4a 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ impl PyStringIORef {
         }
     }
 
-    fn seekable(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn seekable(self) -> bool {
         true
     }
 
@@ -186,11 +186,11 @@ impl PyStringIORef {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn closed(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn closed(self) -> bool {
         self.buffer.borrow().is_none()
     }
 
-    fn close(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn close(self) {
         self.buffer.replace(None);
     }
 }
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ impl PyBytesIORef {
         }
     }
 
-    fn seekable(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn seekable(self) -> bool {
         true
     }
 
@@ -293,11 +293,11 @@ impl PyBytesIORef {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn closed(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn closed(self) -> bool {
         self.buffer.borrow().is_none()
     }
 
-    fn close(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn close(self) {
         self.buffer.replace(None);
     }
 }
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ fn bytes_io_new(
     .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
 }
 
-fn io_base_cm_enter(instance: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+fn io_base_cm_enter(instance: PyObjectRef) -> PyObjectRef {
     instance.clone()
 }
 
@@ -328,15 +328,15 @@ fn io_base_cm_exit(instance: PyObjectRef, _args: PyFuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine
 }
 
 // TODO Check if closed, then if so raise ValueError
-fn io_base_flush(_self: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {}
+fn io_base_flush(_self: PyObjectRef) {}
 
-fn io_base_seekable(_self: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+fn io_base_seekable(_self: PyObjectRef) -> bool {
     false
 }
-fn io_base_readable(_self: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+fn io_base_readable(_self: PyObjectRef) -> bool {
     false
 }
-fn io_base_writable(_self: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+fn io_base_writable(_self: PyObjectRef) -> bool {
     false
 }
 
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ fn io_base_checkseekable(
     }
 }
 
-fn io_base_iter(instance: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+fn io_base_iter(instance: PyObjectRef) -> PyObjectRef {
     instance
 }
 fn io_base_next(instance: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ fn buffered_reader_read(
     )
 }
 
-fn buffered_reader_seekable(_self: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+fn buffered_reader_seekable(_self: PyObjectRef) -> bool {
     true
 }
 
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ mod fileio {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn file_io_seekable(_self: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn file_io_seekable(_self: PyObjectRef) -> bool {
         true
     }
 
@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ fn buffered_writer_write(instance: PyObjectRef, obj: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMa
     vm.call_method(&raw, "write", vec![obj.clone()])
 }
 
-fn buffered_writer_seekable(_self: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+fn buffered_writer_seekable(_self: PyObjectRef) -> bool {
     true
 }
 
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ fn text_io_wrapper_init(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn text_io_wrapper_seekable(_self: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+fn text_io_wrapper_seekable(_self: PyObjectRef) -> bool {
     true
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
index e0a104041..f7ba1d336 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ impl PyItertoolsChain {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ impl PyItertoolsCompress {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
@@ -178,14 +178,14 @@ impl PyItertoolsCount {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__next__")]
-    fn next(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyInt> {
+    fn next(&self) -> PyResult<PyInt> {
         let result = self.cur.borrow().clone();
         *self.cur.borrow_mut() += &self.step;
         Ok(PyInt::new(result))
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ impl PyItertoolsCycle {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ impl PyItertoolsRepeat {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ impl PyItertoolsStarmap {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ impl PyItertoolsTakewhile {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ impl PyItertoolsDropwhile {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ impl PyItertoolsIslice {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ impl PyItertoolsFilterFalse {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ impl PyItertoolsAccumulate {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
@@ -810,7 +810,7 @@ impl PyItertoolsTee {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
@@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ impl PyItertoolsProduct {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
@@ -977,7 +977,7 @@ impl PyItertoolsCombinations {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 
@@ -1076,7 +1076,7 @@ impl PyItertoolsCombinationsWithReplacement {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 
@@ -1184,7 +1184,7 @@ impl PyItertoolsPermutations {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 
@@ -1333,7 +1333,7 @@ impl PyItertoolsZiplongest {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs
index ad2c50fb1..1be96e919 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::obj::objcode::{PyCode, PyCodeRef};
 use crate::pyobject::{PyObjectRef, PyResult};
 use crate::vm::VirtualMachine;
 
-fn marshal_dumps(co: PyCodeRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBytes {
+fn marshal_dumps(co: PyCodeRef) -> PyBytes {
     PyBytes::new(co.code.to_bytes())
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/math.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/math.rs
index 608b968a1..c922a4487 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/math.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/math.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use std::cmp::Ordering;
 // Helper macro:
 macro_rules! make_math_func {
     ( $fname:ident, $fun:ident ) => {
-        fn $fname(value: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+        fn $fname(value: IntoPyFloat) -> f64 {
             value.to_f64().$fun()
         }
     };
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ macro_rules! make_math_func {
 
 macro_rules! make_math_func_bool {
     ( $fname:ident, $fun:ident ) => {
-        fn $fname(value: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+        fn $fname(value: IntoPyFloat) -> bool {
             value.to_f64().$fun()
         }
     };
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn math_isclose(args: IsCloseArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool> {
     Ok((diff <= (rel_tol * b).abs()) || (diff <= (rel_tol * a).abs()) || (diff <= abs_tol))
 }
 
-fn math_copysign(a: IntoPyFloat, b: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+fn math_copysign(a: IntoPyFloat, b: IntoPyFloat) -> f64 {
     let a = a.to_f64();
     let b = b.to_f64();
     if a.is_nan() || b.is_nan() {
@@ -112,18 +112,18 @@ fn math_copysign(a: IntoPyFloat, b: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
 make_math_func!(math_exp, exp);
 make_math_func!(math_expm1, exp_m1);
 
-fn math_log(x: IntoPyFloat, base: OptionalArg<IntoPyFloat>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+fn math_log(x: IntoPyFloat, base: OptionalArg<IntoPyFloat>) -> f64 {
     base.map_or_else(|| x.to_f64().ln(), |base| x.to_f64().log(base.to_f64()))
 }
 
-fn math_log1p(x: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+fn math_log1p(x: IntoPyFloat) -> f64 {
     (x.to_f64() + 1.0).ln()
 }
 
 make_math_func!(math_log2, log2);
 make_math_func!(math_log10, log10);
 
-fn math_pow(x: IntoPyFloat, y: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+fn math_pow(x: IntoPyFloat, y: IntoPyFloat) -> f64 {
     x.to_f64().powf(y.to_f64())
 }
 
@@ -134,24 +134,24 @@ make_math_func!(math_acos, acos);
 make_math_func!(math_asin, asin);
 make_math_func!(math_atan, atan);
 
-fn math_atan2(y: IntoPyFloat, x: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+fn math_atan2(y: IntoPyFloat, x: IntoPyFloat) -> f64 {
     y.to_f64().atan2(x.to_f64())
 }
 
 make_math_func!(math_cos, cos);
 
-fn math_hypot(x: IntoPyFloat, y: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+fn math_hypot(x: IntoPyFloat, y: IntoPyFloat) -> f64 {
     x.to_f64().hypot(y.to_f64())
 }
 
 make_math_func!(math_sin, sin);
 make_math_func!(math_tan, tan);
 
-fn math_degrees(x: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+fn math_degrees(x: IntoPyFloat) -> f64 {
     x.to_f64() * (180.0 / std::f64::consts::PI)
 }
 
-fn math_radians(x: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+fn math_radians(x: IntoPyFloat) -> f64 {
     x.to_f64() * (std::f64::consts::PI / 180.0)
 }
 
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ make_math_func!(math_sinh, sinh);
 make_math_func!(math_tanh, tanh);
 
 // Special functions:
-fn math_erf(x: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+fn math_erf(x: IntoPyFloat) -> f64 {
     let x = x.to_f64();
     if x.is_nan() {
         x
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ fn math_erf(x: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
     }
 }
 
-fn math_erfc(x: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+fn math_erfc(x: IntoPyFloat) -> f64 {
     let x = x.to_f64();
     if x.is_nan() {
         x
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ fn math_erfc(x: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
     }
 }
 
-fn math_gamma(x: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+fn math_gamma(x: IntoPyFloat) -> f64 {
     let x = x.to_f64();
     if x.is_finite() {
         gamma(x)
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ fn math_gamma(x: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
     }
 }
 
-fn math_lgamma(x: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+fn math_lgamma(x: IntoPyFloat) -> f64 {
     let x = x.to_f64();
     if x.is_finite() {
         ln_gamma(x)
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ fn math_floor(value: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
     }
 }
 
-fn math_frexp(value: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> (f64, i32) {
+fn math_frexp(value: IntoPyFloat) -> (f64, i32) {
     let value = value.to_f64();
     if value.is_finite() {
         let (m, e) = objfloat::ufrexp(value);
@@ -261,11 +261,11 @@ fn math_frexp(value: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> (f64, i32) {
     }
 }
 
-fn math_ldexp(value: PyFloatRef, i: PyIntRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> f64 {
+fn math_ldexp(value: PyFloatRef, i: PyIntRef) -> f64 {
     value.to_f64() * (2_f64).powf(i.as_bigint().to_f64().unwrap())
 }
 
-fn math_gcd(a: PyIntRef, b: PyIntRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> BigInt {
+fn math_gcd(a: PyIntRef, b: PyIntRef) -> BigInt {
     use num_integer::Integer;
     a.as_bigint().gcd(b.as_bigint())
 }
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ fn math_factorial(value: PyIntRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<BigInt> {
     Ok(ret)
 }
 
-fn math_modf(x: IntoPyFloat, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> (f64, f64) {
+fn math_modf(x: IntoPyFloat) -> (f64, f64) {
     let x = x.to_f64();
     if !x.is_finite() {
         if x.is_infinite() {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index b96ec766d..fe4a729be 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn make_path(_vm: &VirtualMachine, path: PyStringRef, dir_fd: &DirFd) -> PyStrin
     }
 }
 
-fn os_close(fileno: i64, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+fn os_close(fileno: i64) {
     //The File type automatically closes when it goes out of scope.
     //To enable us to close these file descriptors (and hence prevent leaks)
     //we seek to create the relevant File and simply let it pass out of scope!
@@ -519,11 +519,11 @@ struct FollowSymlinks {
 }
 
 impl DirEntryRef {
-    fn name(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn name(self) -> String {
         self.entry.file_name().into_string().unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn path(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn path(self) -> String {
         self.entry.path().to_str().unwrap().to_owned()
     }
 
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ impl DirEntryRef {
 
     fn stat(self, dir_fd: DirFd, follow_symlinks: FollowSymlinks, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         os_stat(
-            Either::A(self.path(vm).try_into_ref(vm)?),
+            Either::A(self.path().try_into_ref(vm)?),
             dir_fd,
             follow_symlinks,
             vm,
@@ -610,23 +610,23 @@ impl ScandirIterator {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn close(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn close(&self) {
         self.exhausted.set(true);
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__iter__")]
-    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn iter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__enter__")]
-    fn enter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn enter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
         zelf
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__exit__")]
-    fn exit(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _args: PyFuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) {
-        zelf.close(vm)
+    fn exit(zelf: PyRef<Self>, _args: PyFuncArgs) {
+        zelf.close()
     }
 }
 
@@ -814,7 +814,6 @@ fn os_stat(
     _file: Either<PyStringRef, i64>,
     _dir_fd: DirFd,
     _follow_symlinks: FollowSymlinks,
-    _vm: &VirtualMachine,
 ) -> PyResult {
     unimplemented!();
 }
@@ -980,7 +979,7 @@ fn os_pipe2(flags: libc::c_int, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(RawFd, RawFd)>
 }
 
 #[cfg(unix)]
-fn os_system(command: PyStringRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<i32> {
+fn os_system(command: PyStringRef) -> PyResult<i32> {
     use libc::system;
     use std::ffi::CString;
 
@@ -1039,7 +1038,7 @@ fn os_cpu_count(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
     vm.new_int(cpu_count)
 }
 
-fn os_exit(code: i32, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+fn os_exit(code: i32) {
     std::process::exit(code)
 }
 
@@ -1203,7 +1202,7 @@ macro_rules! suppress_iph {
     }};
 }
 
-fn os_isatty(fd: i32, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+fn os_isatty(fd: i32) -> bool {
     unsafe { suppress_iph!(libc::isatty(fd)) != 0 }
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs
index 0ad3942a4..5c2872e11 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs
@@ -14,31 +14,31 @@ impl PyValue for Passwd {
 type PasswdRef = PyRef<Passwd>;
 
 impl PasswdRef {
-    fn pw_name(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn pw_name(self) -> String {
         self.name.clone()
     }
 
-    fn pw_passwd(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<String> {
+    fn pw_passwd(self) -> Option<String> {
         self.passwd.clone()
     }
 
-    fn pw_uid(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> u32 {
+    fn pw_uid(self) -> u32 {
         self.uid
     }
 
-    fn pw_gid(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> u32 {
+    fn pw_gid(self) -> u32 {
         self.gid
     }
 
-    fn pw_gecos(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<String> {
+    fn pw_gecos(self) -> Option<String> {
         self.gecos.clone()
     }
 
-    fn pw_dir(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn pw_dir(self) -> String {
         self.dir.clone()
     }
 
-    fn pw_shell(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn pw_shell(self) -> String {
         self.shell.clone()
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/re.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/re.rs
index 25203ba1c..d819c8609 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/re.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/re.rs
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ fn re_compile(
     make_regex(vm, pattern.as_str(), flags)
 }
 
-fn re_escape(pattern: PyStringRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+fn re_escape(pattern: PyStringRef) -> String {
     regex::escape(pattern.as_str())
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
index 62a388ac8..e8ae72991 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ fn getsignal(signalnum: i32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
 }
 
 #[cfg(unix)]
-fn alarm(time: u32, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> u32 {
+fn alarm(time: u32) -> u32 {
     let prev_time = if time == 0 {
         sig_alarm::cancel()
     } else {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/socket.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/socket.rs
index 220d01a8b..4548cb119 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/socket.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/socket.rs
@@ -231,12 +231,12 @@ impl PySocket {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn close(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    fn close(&self) {
         self.sock.replace(invalid_sock());
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn fileno(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> RawSocket {
+    fn fileno(&self) -> RawSocket {
         sock_fileno(&self.sock())
     }
 
@@ -361,15 +361,15 @@ impl PySocket {
     }
 
     #[pyproperty(name = "type")]
-    fn kind(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> i32 {
+    fn kind(&self) -> i32 {
         self.kind.get()
     }
     #[pyproperty]
-    fn family(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> i32 {
+    fn family(&self) -> i32 {
         self.family.get()
     }
     #[pyproperty]
-    fn proto(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> i32 {
+    fn proto(&self) -> i32 {
         self.proto.get()
     }
 }
@@ -445,14 +445,6 @@ fn socket_inet_ntoa(packed_ip: PyBytesRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
     Ok(vm.new_str(Ipv4Addr::from(ip_num).to_string()))
 }
 
-fn socket_hton<U: num_traits::int::PrimInt>(host: U, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> U {
-    U::to_be(host)
-}
-
-fn socket_ntoh<U: num_traits::int::PrimInt>(network: U, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> U {
-    U::from_be(network)
-}
-
 #[derive(FromArgs)]
 struct GAIOptions {
     #[pyarg(positional_only)]
@@ -618,10 +610,10 @@ pub fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
         "inet_aton" => ctx.new_function(socket_inet_aton),
         "inet_ntoa" => ctx.new_function(socket_inet_ntoa),
         "gethostname" => ctx.new_function(socket_gethostname),
-        "htonl" => ctx.new_function(socket_hton::<u32>),
-        "htons" => ctx.new_function(socket_hton::<u16>),
-        "ntohl" => ctx.new_function(socket_ntoh::<u32>),
-        "ntohs" => ctx.new_function(socket_ntoh::<u16>),
+        "htonl" => ctx.new_function(u32::to_be),
+        "htons" => ctx.new_function(u16::to_be),
+        "ntohl" => ctx.new_function(u32::from_be),
+        "ntohs" => ctx.new_function(u16::from_be),
         "getdefaulttimeout" => ctx.new_function(|vm: &VirtualMachine| vm.get_none()),
         "has_ipv6" => ctx.new_bool(false),
         // constants
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/subprocess.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/subprocess.rs
index 35ae5115a..403ba7ab4 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/subprocess.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/subprocess.rs
@@ -134,11 +134,11 @@ impl PopenRef {
         .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
     }
 
-    fn poll(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<subprocess::ExitStatus> {
+    fn poll(self) -> Option<subprocess::ExitStatus> {
         self.process.borrow_mut().poll()
     }
 
-    fn return_code(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<subprocess::ExitStatus> {
+    fn return_code(self) -> Option<subprocess::ExitStatus> {
         self.process.borrow().exit_status()
     }
 
@@ -209,11 +209,11 @@ impl PopenRef {
         })
     }
 
-    fn pid(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<u32> {
+    fn pid(self) -> Option<u32> {
         self.process.borrow().pid()
     }
 
-    fn enter(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self {
+    fn enter(self) -> Self {
         self
     }
 
@@ -222,7 +222,6 @@ impl PopenRef {
         _exception_type: PyObjectRef,
         _exception_value: PyObjectRef,
         _traceback: PyObjectRef,
-        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) {
         let mut process = self.process.borrow_mut();
         process.stdout.take();
@@ -230,7 +229,7 @@ impl PopenRef {
         process.stderr.take();
     }
 
-    fn args(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+    fn args(self) -> PyObjectRef {
         self.args.clone()
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/symtable.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/symtable.rs
index d32afd44a..f95c9fc91 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/symtable.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/symtable.rs
@@ -87,17 +87,17 @@ impl PyValue for PySymbolTable {
 #[pyimpl]
 impl PySymbolTable {
     #[pymethod(name = "get_name")]
-    fn get_name(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn get_name(&self) -> String {
         self.symtable.name.clone()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "get_type")]
-    fn get_type(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn get_type(&self) -> String {
         self.symtable.typ.to_string()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "get_lineno")]
-    fn get_lineno(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+    fn get_lineno(&self) -> usize {
         self.symtable.line_number
     }
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ impl PySymbolTable {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "has_children")]
-    fn has_children(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn has_children(&self) -> bool {
         !self.symtable.sub_tables.is_empty()
     }
 
@@ -173,42 +173,42 @@ impl PyValue for PySymbol {
 #[pyimpl]
 impl PySymbol {
     #[pymethod(name = "get_name")]
-    fn get_name(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn get_name(&self) -> String {
         self.symbol.name.clone()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "is_global")]
-    fn is_global(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn is_global(&self) -> bool {
         self.symbol.is_global()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "is_local")]
-    fn is_local(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn is_local(&self) -> bool {
         self.symbol.is_local()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "is_referenced")]
-    fn is_referenced(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn is_referenced(&self) -> bool {
         self.symbol.is_referenced
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "is_assigned")]
-    fn is_assigned(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn is_assigned(&self) -> bool {
         self.symbol.is_assigned
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "is_parameter")]
-    fn is_parameter(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn is_parameter(&self) -> bool {
         self.symbol.is_parameter
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "is_free")]
-    fn is_free(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn is_free(&self) -> bool {
         self.symbol.is_free
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "is_namespace")]
-    fn is_namespace(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn is_namespace(&self) -> bool {
         // TODO
         false
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
index d32d65b9f..44d345847 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn rlock_acquire(vm: &VirtualMachine, _args: PyFuncArgs) -> PyResult {
     Ok(vm.get_none())
 }
 
-fn rlock_release(_zelf: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {}
+fn rlock_release(_zelf: PyObjectRef) {}
 
 fn rlock_enter(vm: &VirtualMachine, args: PyFuncArgs) -> PyResult {
     arg_check!(vm, args, required = [(instance, None)]);
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time_module.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time_module.rs
index c51354a16..a80753552 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time_module.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time_module.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fn time_sleep(dur: Duration, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(unix))]
-fn time_sleep(dur: Duration, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+fn time_sleep(dur: Duration) {
     std::thread::sleep(dur);
 }
 
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ fn time_asctime(t: OptionalArg<PyStructTime>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
     Ok(vm.ctx.new_str(formatted_time))
 }
 
-fn time_ctime(secs: OptionalArg<Either<f64, i64>>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+fn time_ctime(secs: OptionalArg<Either<f64, i64>>) -> String {
     let instant = optional_or_localtime(secs);
     instant.format(&CFMT).to_string()
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/unicodedata.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/unicodedata.rs
index 9507d337f..713de4fe1 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/unicodedata.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/unicodedata.rs
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ impl PyUCD {
     }
 
     #[pyproperty]
-    fn unidata_version(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn unidata_version(&self) -> String {
         self.unic_version.to_string()
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/weakref.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/weakref.rs
index 00045e7de..0e2243233 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/weakref.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/weakref.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::pyobject::PyObjectRef;
 use crate::vm::VirtualMachine;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
-fn weakref_getweakrefcount(obj: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+fn weakref_getweakrefcount(obj: PyObjectRef) -> usize {
     Rc::weak_count(&obj)
 }
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fn weakref_getweakrefs(_obj: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
     vm.ctx.new_list(vec![])
 }
 
-fn weakref_remove_dead_weakref(_obj: PyObjectRef, _key: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+fn weakref_remove_dead_weakref(_obj: PyObjectRef, _key: PyObjectRef) {
     // TODO
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/sysmodule.rs b/vm/src/sysmodule.rs
index fdb04de47..431952c8b 100644
--- a/vm/src/sysmodule.rs
+++ b/vm/src/sysmodule.rs
@@ -97,11 +97,11 @@ impl SysFlags {
     }
 }
 
-fn sys_getrefcount(obj: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+fn sys_getrefcount(obj: PyObjectRef) -> usize {
     Rc::strong_count(&obj)
 }
 
-fn sys_getsizeof(obj: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+fn sys_getsizeof(obj: PyObjectRef) -> usize {
     // TODO: implement default optional argument.
     mem::size_of_val(&obj)
 }
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn sys_setrecursionlimit(recursion_limit: usize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResul
 }
 
 // TODO implement string interning, this will be key for performance
-fn sys_intern(value: PyStringRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyStringRef {
+fn sys_intern(value: PyStringRef) -> PyStringRef {
     value
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/vm.rs b/vm/src/vm.rs
index 53ef276cf..6d3493bf3 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm.rs
@@ -1220,7 +1220,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     pub fn _hash(&self, obj: &PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<pyhash::PyHash> {
         let hash_obj = self.call_method(obj, "__hash__", vec![])?;
         if let Some(hash_value) = hash_obj.payload_if_subclass::<PyInt>(self) {
-            Ok(hash_value.hash(self))
+            Ok(hash_value.hash())
         } else {
             Err(self.new_type_error("__hash__ method should return an integer".to_owned()))
         }
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs b/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs
index bd7e5250a..72497c43a 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs
@@ -72,22 +72,22 @@ impl PyJsValue {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn null(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyJsValue {
+    fn null(&self) -> PyJsValue {
         PyJsValue::new(JsValue::NULL)
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn undefined(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyJsValue {
+    fn undefined(&self) -> PyJsValue {
         PyJsValue::new(JsValue::UNDEFINED)
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn new_from_str(&self, s: PyStringRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyJsValue {
+    fn new_from_str(&self, s: PyStringRef) -> PyJsValue {
         PyJsValue::new(s.as_str())
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn new_from_float(&self, n: PyFloatRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyJsValue {
+    fn new_from_float(&self, n: PyFloatRef) -> PyJsValue {
         PyJsValue::new(n.to_f64())
     }
 
@@ -185,29 +185,29 @@ impl PyJsValue {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn as_str(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<String> {
+    fn as_str(&self) -> Option<String> {
         self.value.as_string()
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn as_float(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<f64> {
+    fn as_float(&self) -> Option<f64> {
         self.value.as_f64()
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn as_bool(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<bool> {
+    fn as_bool(&self) -> Option<bool> {
         self.value.as_bool()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "typeof")]
-    fn type_of(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn type_of(&self) -> String {
         type_of(&self.value)
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
     /// Checks that `typeof self == "object" && self !== null`. Use instead
     /// of `value.typeof() == "object"`
-    fn is_object(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    fn is_object(&self) -> bool {
         self.value.is_object()
     }
 
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ impl PyJsValue {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__repr__")]
-    fn repr(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    fn repr(&self) -> String {
         format!("{:?}", self.value)
     }
 }