diff --git a/Lib/test/ann_module5.py b/Lib/test/ann_module5.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..837041e12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/ann_module5.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Used by test_typing to verify that Final wrapped in ForwardRef works.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Final
+
+name: Final[str] = "final"
+
+class MyClass:
+    value: Final = 3000
diff --git a/Lib/test/ann_module6.py b/Lib/test/ann_module6.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..679175669
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/ann_module6.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Tests that top-level ClassVar is not allowed
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import ClassVar
+
+wrong: ClassVar[int] = 1
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_typing.py b/Lib/test/test_typing.py
index be26f4d85..86825bce2 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_typing.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_typing.py
@@ -249,6 +249,15 @@ class TypeVarTests(BaseTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             TypeVar('T', covariant=True, contravariant=True)
 
+    def test_bad_var_substitution(self):
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        for arg in (), (int, str):
+            with self.subTest(arg=arg):
+                with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                    List[T][arg]
+                with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                    list[T][arg]
+
 
 class UnionTests(BaseTestCase):
 
@@ -320,6 +329,15 @@ class UnionTests(BaseTestCase):
         u = Union[int | float]
         self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Union[int, float]')
 
+        u = Union[None, str]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Optional[str]')
+        u = Union[str, None]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Optional[str]')
+        u = Union[None, str, int]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Union[NoneType, str, int]')
+        u = Optional[str]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Optional[str]')
+
     def test_cannot_subclass(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             class C(Union):
@@ -415,6 +433,8 @@ class TupleTests(BaseTestCase):
         class MyTuple(tuple):
             pass
         self.assertIsSubclass(MyTuple, Tuple)
+        self.assertIsSubclass(Tuple, Tuple)
+        self.assertIsSubclass(tuple, Tuple)
 
     def test_tuple_instance_type_error(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -442,6 +462,7 @@ class BaseCallableTests:
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             issubclass(types.FunctionType, Callable[[int], int])
         self.assertIsSubclass(types.FunctionType, Callable)
+        self.assertIsSubclass(Callable, Callable)
 
     def test_eq_hash(self):
         Callable = self.Callable
@@ -517,6 +538,10 @@ class BaseCallableTests:
         # Shouldn't crash; see https://github.com/python/typing/issues/259
         typing.List[Callable[..., str]]
 
+    def test_or_and_ror(self):
+        Callable = self.Callable
+        self.assertEqual(Callable | Tuple, Union[Callable, Tuple])
+        self.assertEqual(Tuple | Callable, Union[Tuple, Callable])
 
     def test_basic(self):
         Callable = self.Callable
@@ -549,8 +574,11 @@ class BaseCallableTests:
         C2 = Callable[[KT, T], VT]
         C3 = Callable[..., T]
         self.assertEqual(C1[str], Callable[[int, str], str])
+        if Callable is typing.Callable:
+            self.assertEqual(C1[None], Callable[[int, type(None)], type(None)])
         self.assertEqual(C2[int, float, str], Callable[[int, float], str])
         self.assertEqual(C3[int], Callable[..., int])
+        self.assertEqual(C3[NoReturn], Callable[..., NoReturn])
 
         # multi chaining
         C4 = C2[int, VT, str]
@@ -610,10 +638,31 @@ class BaseCallableTests:
     def test_concatenate(self):
         Callable = self.Callable
         fullname = f"{Callable.__module__}.Callable"
+        T = TypeVar('T')
         P = ParamSpec('P')
-        C1 = Callable[typing.Concatenate[int, P], int]
-        self.assertEqual(repr(C1),
-                            f"{fullname}[typing.Concatenate[int, ~P], int]")
+        P2 = ParamSpec('P2')
+        C = Callable[Concatenate[int, P], T]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(C),
+                         f"{fullname}[typing.Concatenate[int, ~P], ~T]")
+        self.assertEqual(C[P2, int], Callable[Concatenate[int, P2], int])
+        self.assertEqual(C[[str, float], int], Callable[[int, str, float], int])
+        self.assertEqual(C[[], int], Callable[[int], int])
+        self.assertEqual(C[Concatenate[str, P2], int],
+                         Callable[Concatenate[int, str, P2], int])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            C[..., int]
+
+        C = Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(C),
+                         f"{fullname}[typing.Concatenate[int, ~P], int]")
+        self.assertEqual(C[P2], Callable[Concatenate[int, P2], int])
+        self.assertEqual(C[[str, float]], Callable[[int, str, float], int])
+        self.assertEqual(C[str, float], Callable[[int, str, float], int])
+        self.assertEqual(C[[]], Callable[[int], int])
+        self.assertEqual(C[Concatenate[str, P2]],
+                         Callable[Concatenate[int, str, P2], int])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            C[...]
 
     def test_errors(self):
         Callable = self.Callable
@@ -652,6 +701,11 @@ class CollectionsCallableTests(BaseCallableTests, BaseTestCase):
     def test_paramspec(self): # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, remove when this passes
         super().test_paramspec() # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, remove when this passes
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_concatenate(self):  # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, remove when this passes
+        super().test_concatenate()  # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, remove when this passes
+
 
 class LiteralTests(BaseTestCase):
     def test_basics(self):
@@ -720,6 +774,8 @@ class LiteralTests(BaseTestCase):
         self.assertNotEqual(Literal[True], Literal[1])
         self.assertNotEqual(Literal[1], Literal[2])
         self.assertNotEqual(Literal[1, True], Literal[1])
+        self.assertNotEqual(Literal[1, True], Literal[1, 1])
+        self.assertNotEqual(Literal[1, 2], Literal[True, 2])
         self.assertEqual(Literal[1], Literal[1])
         self.assertEqual(Literal[1, 2], Literal[2, 1])
         self.assertEqual(Literal[1, 2, 3], Literal[1, 2, 3, 3])
@@ -1057,6 +1113,8 @@ class ProtocolTests(BaseTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             issubclass(PG, PG[int])
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_protocols_issubclass_non_callable(self):
         class C:
             x = 1
@@ -1115,6 +1173,8 @@ class ProtocolTests(BaseTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             isinstance(C(), BadPG)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_protocols_isinstance_py36(self):
         class APoint:
             def __init__(self, x, y, label):
@@ -1187,6 +1247,8 @@ class ProtocolTests(BaseTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(D1(), C)
         self.assertIsSubclass(D2, C)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_protocols_support_register(self):
         @runtime_checkable
         class P(Protocol):
@@ -1222,6 +1284,8 @@ class ProtocolTests(BaseTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(B(), P)
         self.assertIsInstance(C(), P)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_none_on_callable_blocks_implementation(self):
         @runtime_checkable
         class P(Protocol):
@@ -1483,6 +1547,8 @@ class ProtocolTests(BaseTestCase):
             class Concrete(Proto):
                 pass
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_none_treated_correctly(self):
         @runtime_checkable
         class P(Protocol):
@@ -2659,10 +2725,18 @@ class ForwardRefTests(BaseTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             issubclass(int, fr)
 
+    def test_forwardref_only_str_arg(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            typing.ForwardRef(1)  # only `str` type is allowed
+
     def test_forward_equality(self):
         fr = typing.ForwardRef('int')
         self.assertEqual(fr, typing.ForwardRef('int'))
         self.assertNotEqual(List['int'], List[int])
+        self.assertNotEqual(fr, typing.ForwardRef('int', module=__name__))
+        frm = typing.ForwardRef('int', module=__name__)
+        self.assertEqual(frm, typing.ForwardRef('int', module=__name__))
+        self.assertNotEqual(frm, typing.ForwardRef('int', module='__other_name__'))
 
     def test_forward_equality_gth(self):
         c1 = typing.ForwardRef('C')
@@ -2699,6 +2773,14 @@ class ForwardRefTests(BaseTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(hash(c1_gth), hash(c2_gth))
         self.assertEqual(hash(c1), hash(c1_gth))
 
+        c3 = typing.ForwardRef('int', module=__name__)
+        c4 = typing.ForwardRef('int', module='__other_name__')
+
+        self.assertNotEqual(hash(c3), hash(c1))
+        self.assertNotEqual(hash(c3), hash(c1_gth))
+        self.assertNotEqual(hash(c3), hash(c4))
+        self.assertEqual(hash(c3), hash(typing.ForwardRef('int', module=__name__)))
+
     def test_forward_equality_namespace(self):
         class A:
             pass
@@ -2834,6 +2916,20 @@ class ForwardRefTests(BaseTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(foo, globals(), locals()),
                          {'a': Callable[..., T]})
 
+    def test_special_forms_forward(self):
+
+        class C:
+            a: Annotated['ClassVar[int]', (3, 5)] = 4
+            b: Annotated['Final[int]', "const"] = 4
+
+        class CF:
+            b: List['Final[int]'] = 4
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(C, globals())['a'], ClassVar[int])
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(C, globals())['b'], Final[int])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            get_type_hints(CF, globals()),
+
     def test_syntax_error(self):
 
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
@@ -3030,7 +3126,7 @@ else:
 
 # Definitions needed for features introduced in Python 3.6
 
-from test import ann_module, ann_module2, ann_module3
+from test import ann_module, ann_module2, ann_module3, ann_module5, ann_module6
 from typing import AsyncContextManager
 
 class A:
@@ -3165,6 +3261,12 @@ class GetTypeHintTests(BaseTestCase):
                           'my_inner_a2': mod_generics_cache.B.A,
                           'my_outer_a': mod_generics_cache.A})
 
+    def test_get_type_hints_classes_no_implicit_optional(self):
+        class WithNoneDefault:
+            field: int = None  # most type-checkers won't be happy with it
+
+        self.assertEqual(gth(WithNoneDefault), {'field': int})
+
     def test_respect_no_type_check(self):
         @no_type_check
         class NoTpCheck:
@@ -3281,6 +3383,15 @@ class GetTypeHintTests(BaseTestCase):
             {"x": typing.Annotated[int | float, "const"]}
         )
 
+    def test_get_type_hints_annotated_in_union(self):  # bpo-46603
+        def with_union(x: int | list[Annotated[str, 'meta']]): ...
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(with_union), {'x': int | list[str]})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_type_hints(with_union, include_extras=True),
+            {'x': int | list[Annotated[str, 'meta']]},
+        )
+
     def test_get_type_hints_annotated_refs(self):
 
         Const = Annotated[T, "Const"]
@@ -3396,6 +3507,22 @@ class GetUtilitiesTestCase(TestCase):
                          (Concatenate[int, P], int))
         self.assertEqual(get_args(list | str), (list, str))
 
+    def test_forward_ref_and_final(self):
+        # https://bugs.python.org/issue45166
+        hints = get_type_hints(ann_module5)
+        self.assertEqual(hints, {'name': Final[str]})
+
+        hints = get_type_hints(ann_module5.MyClass)
+        self.assertEqual(hints, {'value': Final})
+
+    def test_top_level_class_var(self):
+        # https://bugs.python.org/issue45166
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            r'typing.ClassVar\[int\] is not valid as type argument',
+        ):
+            get_type_hints(ann_module6)
+
 
 class CollectionsAbcTests(BaseTestCase):
 
@@ -3476,11 +3603,10 @@ class CollectionsAbcTests(BaseTestCase):
         self.assertNotIsInstance(42, typing.Container)
 
     def test_collection(self):
-        if hasattr(typing, 'Collection'):
-            self.assertIsInstance(tuple(), typing.Collection)
-            self.assertIsInstance(frozenset(), typing.Collection)
-            self.assertIsSubclass(dict, typing.Collection)
-            self.assertNotIsInstance(42, typing.Collection)
+        self.assertIsInstance(tuple(), typing.Collection)
+        self.assertIsInstance(frozenset(), typing.Collection)
+        self.assertIsSubclass(dict, typing.Collection)
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(42, typing.Collection)
 
     def test_abstractset(self):
         self.assertIsInstance(set(), typing.AbstractSet)
@@ -3877,6 +4003,10 @@ class CollectionsAbcTests(BaseTestCase):
         A.register(B)
         self.assertIsSubclass(B, typing.Mapping)
 
+    def test_or_and_ror(self):
+        self.assertEqual(typing.Sized | typing.Awaitable, Union[typing.Sized, typing.Awaitable])
+        self.assertEqual(typing.Coroutine | typing.Hashable, Union[typing.Coroutine, typing.Hashable])
+
 
 class OtherABCTests(BaseTestCase):
 
@@ -4132,6 +4262,19 @@ class NamedTupleTests(BaseTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(a.typename, 'foo')
         self.assertEqual(a.fields, [('bar', tuple)])
 
+    def test_empty_namedtuple(self):
+        NT = NamedTuple('NT')
+
+        class CNT(NamedTuple):
+            pass  # empty body
+
+        for struct in [NT, CNT]:
+            with self.subTest(struct=struct):
+                self.assertEqual(struct._fields, ())
+                self.assertEqual(struct._field_defaults, {})
+                self.assertEqual(struct.__annotations__, {})
+                self.assertIsInstance(struct(), struct)
+
     def test_namedtuple_errors(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             NamedTuple.__new__()
@@ -4327,6 +4470,93 @@ class TypedDictTests(BaseTestCase):
             'voice': str,
         }
 
+    def test_multiple_inheritance(self):
+        class One(TypedDict):
+            one: int
+        class Two(TypedDict):
+            two: str
+        class Untotal(TypedDict, total=False):
+            untotal: str
+        Inline = TypedDict('Inline', {'inline': bool})
+        class Regular:
+            pass
+
+        class Child(One, Two):
+            child: bool
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Child.__required_keys__,
+            frozenset(['one', 'two', 'child']),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Child.__optional_keys__,
+            frozenset([]),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Child.__annotations__,
+            {'one': int, 'two': str, 'child': bool},
+        )
+
+        class ChildWithOptional(One, Untotal):
+            child: bool
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ChildWithOptional.__required_keys__,
+            frozenset(['one', 'child']),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ChildWithOptional.__optional_keys__,
+            frozenset(['untotal']),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ChildWithOptional.__annotations__,
+            {'one': int, 'untotal': str, 'child': bool},
+        )
+
+        class ChildWithTotalFalse(One, Untotal, total=False):
+            child: bool
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ChildWithTotalFalse.__required_keys__,
+            frozenset(['one']),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ChildWithTotalFalse.__optional_keys__,
+            frozenset(['untotal', 'child']),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ChildWithTotalFalse.__annotations__,
+            {'one': int, 'untotal': str, 'child': bool},
+        )
+
+        class ChildWithInlineAndOptional(Untotal, Inline):
+            child: bool
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ChildWithInlineAndOptional.__required_keys__,
+            frozenset(['inline', 'child']),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ChildWithInlineAndOptional.__optional_keys__,
+            frozenset(['untotal']),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ChildWithInlineAndOptional.__annotations__,
+            {'inline': bool, 'untotal': str, 'child': bool},
+        )
+
+        wrong_bases = [
+            (One, Regular),
+            (Regular, One),
+            (One, Two, Regular),
+            (Inline, Regular),
+            (Untotal, Regular),
+        ]
+        for bases in wrong_bases:
+            with self.subTest(bases=bases):
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+                    TypeError,
+                    'cannot inherit from both a TypedDict type and a non-TypedDict',
+                ):
+                    class Wrong(*bases):
+                        pass
+
     def test_is_typeddict(self):
         assert is_typeddict(Point2D) is True
         assert is_typeddict(Union[str, int]) is False
@@ -4339,6 +4569,21 @@ class TypedDictTests(BaseTestCase):
             {'a': typing.Optional[int], 'b': int}
         )
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_non_generic_subscript(self):
+        # For backward compatibility, subscription works
+        # on arbitrary TypedDict types.
+        class TD(TypedDict):
+            a: T
+        A = TD[int]
+        self.assertEqual(A.__origin__, TD)
+        self.assertEqual(A.__parameters__, ())
+        self.assertEqual(A.__args__, (int,))
+        a = A(a = 1)
+        self.assertIs(type(a), dict)
+        self.assertEqual(a, {'a': 1})
+
 
 class IOTests(BaseTestCase):
 
@@ -4439,6 +4684,13 @@ class RETests(BaseTestCase):
 
 class AnnotatedTests(BaseTestCase):
 
+    def test_new(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            'Type Annotated cannot be instantiated',
+        ):
+            Annotated()
+
     def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(Annotated[int, 4, 5]),
@@ -4523,6 +4775,14 @@ class AnnotatedTests(BaseTestCase):
         A.x = 5
         self.assertEqual(C.x, 5)
 
+    def test_special_form_containment(self):
+        class C:
+            classvar: Annotated[ClassVar[int], "a decoration"] = 4
+            const: Annotated[Final[int], "Const"] = 4
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(C, globals())['classvar'], ClassVar[int])
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(C, globals())['const'], Final[int])
+
     def test_hash_eq(self):
         self.assertEqual(len({Annotated[int, 4, 5], Annotated[int, 4, 5]}), 1)
         self.assertNotEqual(Annotated[int, 4, 5], Annotated[int, 5, 4])
@@ -4546,6 +4806,10 @@ class AnnotatedTests(BaseTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             issubclass(int, Annotated[int, "positive"])
 
+    def test_too_few_type_args(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'at least two arguments'):
+            Annotated[int]
+
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_pickle(self):
@@ -4632,6 +4896,11 @@ class TypeAliasTests(BaseTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             isinstance(42, TypeAlias)
 
+    def test_stringized_usage(self):
+        class A:
+            a: "TypeAlias"
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(A), {'a': TypeAlias})
+
     def test_no_issubclass(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             issubclass(Employee, TypeAlias)
@@ -4682,15 +4951,35 @@ class ParamSpecTests(BaseTestCase):
 
     def test_args_kwargs(self):
         P = ParamSpec('P')
+        P_2 = ParamSpec('P_2')
         self.assertIn('args', dir(P))
         self.assertIn('kwargs', dir(P))
         self.assertIsInstance(P.args, ParamSpecArgs)
         self.assertIsInstance(P.kwargs, ParamSpecKwargs)
         self.assertIs(P.args.__origin__, P)
         self.assertIs(P.kwargs.__origin__, P)
+        self.assertEqual(P.args, P.args)
+        self.assertEqual(P.kwargs, P.kwargs)
+        self.assertNotEqual(P.args, P_2.args)
+        self.assertNotEqual(P.kwargs, P_2.kwargs)
+        self.assertNotEqual(P.args, P.kwargs)
+        self.assertNotEqual(P.kwargs, P.args)
+        self.assertNotEqual(P.args, P_2.kwargs)
         self.assertEqual(repr(P.args), "P.args")
         self.assertEqual(repr(P.kwargs), "P.kwargs")
 
+    def test_stringized(self):
+        P = ParamSpec('P')
+        class C(Generic[P]):
+            func: Callable["P", int]
+            def foo(self, *args: "P.args", **kwargs: "P.kwargs"):
+                pass
+
+        self.assertEqual(gth(C, globals(), locals()), {"func": Callable[P, int]})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            gth(C.foo, globals(), locals()), {"args": P.args, "kwargs": P.kwargs}
+        )
+
     def test_user_generics(self):
         T = TypeVar("T")
         P = ParamSpec("P")
@@ -4759,6 +5048,17 @@ class ParamSpecTests(BaseTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(G1.__args__, ((int, str), (bytes,)))
         self.assertEqual(G2.__args__, ((int,), (str, bytes)))
 
+    def test_bad_var_substitution(self):
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        P = ParamSpec('P')
+        bad_args = (42, int, None, T, int|str, Union[int, str])
+        for arg in bad_args:
+            with self.subTest(arg=arg):
+                with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                    typing.Callable[P, T][arg, str]
+                with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                    collections.abc.Callable[P, T][arg, str]
+
     def test_no_paramspec_in__parameters__(self):
         # ParamSpec should not be found in __parameters__
         # of generics. Usages outside Callable, Concatenate
@@ -4788,6 +5088,31 @@ class ParamSpecTests(BaseTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(G1.__parameters__, (P, T))
         self.assertEqual(G2.__parameters__, (P, T))
         self.assertEqual(G3.__parameters__, (P, T))
+        C = Callable[[int, str], float]
+        self.assertEqual(G1[[int, str], float], List[C])
+        self.assertEqual(G2[[int, str], float], list[C])
+        self.assertEqual(G3[[int, str], float], list[C] | int)
+
+    def test_paramspec_gets_copied(self):
+        # bpo-46581
+        P = ParamSpec('P')
+        P2 = ParamSpec('P2')
+        C1 = Callable[P, int]
+        self.assertEqual(C1.__parameters__, (P,))
+        self.assertEqual(C1[P2].__parameters__, (P2,))
+        self.assertEqual(C1[str].__parameters__, ())
+        self.assertEqual(C1[str, T].__parameters__, (T,))
+        self.assertEqual(C1[Concatenate[str, P2]].__parameters__, (P2,))
+        self.assertEqual(C1[Concatenate[T, P2]].__parameters__, (T, P2))
+        self.assertEqual(C1[...].__parameters__, ())
+
+        C2 = Callable[Concatenate[str, P], int]
+        self.assertEqual(C2.__parameters__, (P,))
+        self.assertEqual(C2[P2].__parameters__, (P2,))
+        self.assertEqual(C2[str].__parameters__, ())
+        self.assertEqual(C2[str, T].__parameters__, (T,))
+        self.assertEqual(C2[Concatenate[str, P2]].__parameters__, (P2,))
+        self.assertEqual(C2[Concatenate[T, P2]].__parameters__, (T, P2))
 
 
 class ConcatenateTests(BaseTestCase):
@@ -4815,6 +5140,27 @@ class ConcatenateTests(BaseTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(C4.__args__, (Concatenate[int, T, P], T))
         self.assertEqual(C4.__parameters__, (T, P))
 
+    def test_var_substitution(self):
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        P = ParamSpec('P')
+        P2 = ParamSpec('P2')
+        C = Concatenate[T, P]
+        self.assertEqual(C[int, P2], Concatenate[int, P2])
+        self.assertEqual(C[int, [str, float]], (int, str, float))
+        self.assertEqual(C[int, []], (int,))
+        self.assertEqual(C[int, Concatenate[str, P2]],
+                         Concatenate[int, str, P2])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            C[int, ...]
+
+        C = Concatenate[int, P]
+        self.assertEqual(C[P2], Concatenate[int, P2])
+        self.assertEqual(C[[str, float]], (int, str, float))
+        self.assertEqual(C[str, float], (int, str, float))
+        self.assertEqual(C[[]], (int,))
+        self.assertEqual(C[Concatenate[str, P2]], Concatenate[int, str, P2])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            C[...]
 
 class TypeGuardTests(BaseTestCase):
     def test_basics(self):
@@ -4963,6 +5309,8 @@ class SpecialAttrsTests(BaseTestCase):
             typing.Concatenate[Any, SpecialAttrsP]: 'Concatenate',
             typing.Final[Any]: 'Final',
             typing.Literal[Any]: 'Literal',
+            typing.Literal[1, 2]: 'Literal',
+            typing.Literal[True, 2]: 'Literal',
             typing.Optional[Any]: 'Optional',
             typing.TypeGuard[Any]: 'TypeGuard',
             typing.Union[Any]: 'Any',
@@ -5008,7 +5356,7 @@ class SpecialAttrsTests(BaseTestCase):
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             SpecialAttrsTests.TypeName.__module__,
-            'test.test_typing',
+            __name__,
         )
         # NewTypes are picklable assuming correct qualname information.
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
@@ -5022,7 +5370,7 @@ class SpecialAttrsTests(BaseTestCase):
         # __qualname__ is unnecessary.
         self.assertEqual(SpecialAttrsT.__name__, 'SpecialAttrsT')
         self.assertFalse(hasattr(SpecialAttrsT, '__qualname__'))
-        self.assertEqual(SpecialAttrsT.__module__, 'test.test_typing')
+        self.assertEqual(SpecialAttrsT.__module__, __name__)
         # Module-level type variables are picklable.
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
             s = pickle.dumps(SpecialAttrsT, proto)
@@ -5031,13 +5379,24 @@ class SpecialAttrsTests(BaseTestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(SpecialAttrsP.__name__, 'SpecialAttrsP')
         self.assertFalse(hasattr(SpecialAttrsP, '__qualname__'))
-        self.assertEqual(SpecialAttrsP.__module__, 'test.test_typing')
+        self.assertEqual(SpecialAttrsP.__module__, __name__)
         # Module-level ParamSpecs are picklable.
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
             s = pickle.dumps(SpecialAttrsP, proto)
             loaded = pickle.loads(s)
             self.assertIs(SpecialAttrsP, loaded)
 
+    def test_genericalias_dir(self):
+        class Foo(Generic[T]):
+            def bar(self):
+                pass
+            baz = 3
+        # The class attributes of the original class should be visible even
+        # in dir() of the GenericAlias. See bpo-45755.
+        self.assertIn('bar', dir(Foo[int]))
+        self.assertIn('baz', dir(Foo[int]))
+
+
 class AllTests(BaseTestCase):
     """Tests for __all__."""
 
@@ -5048,8 +5407,9 @@ class AllTests(BaseTestCase):
         self.assertIn('ValuesView', a)
         self.assertIn('cast', a)
         self.assertIn('overload', a)
-        if hasattr(contextlib, 'AbstractContextManager'):
-            self.assertIn('ContextManager', a)
+        # Context managers.
+        self.assertIn('ContextManager', a)
+        self.assertIn('AsyncContextManager', a)
         # Check that io and re are not exported.
         self.assertNotIn('io', a)
         self.assertNotIn('re', a)
@@ -5063,7 +5423,6 @@ class AllTests(BaseTestCase):
         self.assertIn('SupportsComplex', a)
 
     def test_all_exported_names(self):
-        import typing
 
         actual_all = set(typing.__all__)
         computed_all = {
diff --git a/Lib/typing.py b/Lib/typing.py
index 8ae48b915..a101b5c65 100644
--- a/Lib/typing.py
+++ b/Lib/typing.py
@@ -134,16 +134,16 @@ __all__ = [
 # legitimate imports of those modules.
 
 
-def _type_convert(arg, module=None):
+def _type_convert(arg, module=None, *, allow_special_forms=False):
     """For converting None to type(None), and strings to ForwardRef."""
     if arg is None:
         return type(None)
     if isinstance(arg, str):
-        return ForwardRef(arg, module=module)
+        return ForwardRef(arg, module=module, is_class=allow_special_forms)
     return arg
 
 
-def _type_check(arg, msg, is_argument=True, module=None):
+def _type_check(arg, msg, is_argument=True, module=None, *, allow_special_forms=False):
     """Check that the argument is a type, and return it (internal helper).
 
     As a special case, accept None and return type(None) instead. Also wrap strings
@@ -156,18 +156,21 @@ def _type_check(arg, msg, is_argument=True, module=None):
     We append the repr() of the actual value (truncated to 100 chars).
     """
     invalid_generic_forms = (Generic, Protocol)
-    if is_argument:
-        invalid_generic_forms = invalid_generic_forms + (ClassVar, Final)
+    if not allow_special_forms:
+        invalid_generic_forms += (ClassVar,)
+        if is_argument:
+            invalid_generic_forms += (Final,)
 
-    arg = _type_convert(arg, module=module)
+    arg = _type_convert(arg, module=module, allow_special_forms=allow_special_forms)
     if (isinstance(arg, _GenericAlias) and
             arg.__origin__ in invalid_generic_forms):
         raise TypeError(f"{arg} is not valid as type argument")
-    if arg in (Any, NoReturn):
+    if arg in (Any, NoReturn, Final, TypeAlias):
         return arg
     if isinstance(arg, _SpecialForm) or arg in (Generic, Protocol):
         raise TypeError(f"Plain {arg} is not valid as type argument")
-    if isinstance(arg, (type, TypeVar, ForwardRef, types.UnionType, ParamSpec)):
+    if isinstance(arg, (type, TypeVar, ForwardRef, types.UnionType, ParamSpec,
+                        ParamSpecArgs, ParamSpecKwargs)):
         return arg
     if not callable(arg):
         raise TypeError(f"{msg} Got {arg!r:.100}.")
@@ -317,8 +320,8 @@ def _tp_cache(func=None, /, *, typed=False):
 def _eval_type(t, globalns, localns, recursive_guard=frozenset()):
     """Evaluate all forward references in the given type t.
     For use of globalns and localns see the docstring for get_type_hints().
-    recursive_guard is used to prevent prevent infinite recursion
-    with recursive ForwardRef.
+    recursive_guard is used to prevent infinite recursion with a recursive
+    ForwardRef.
     """
     if isinstance(t, ForwardRef):
         return t._evaluate(globalns, localns, recursive_guard)
@@ -401,9 +404,10 @@ class _SpecialForm(_Final, _root=True):
 
 
 class _LiteralSpecialForm(_SpecialForm, _root=True):
-    @_tp_cache(typed=True)
     def __getitem__(self, parameters):
-        return self._getitem(self, parameters)
+        if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
+            parameters = (parameters,)
+        return self._getitem(self, *parameters)
 
 
 @_SpecialForm
@@ -526,7 +530,8 @@ def Optional(self, parameters):
     return Union[arg, type(None)]
 
 @_LiteralSpecialForm
-def Literal(self, parameters):
+@_tp_cache(typed=True)
+def Literal(self, *parameters):
     """Special typing form to define literal types (a.k.a. value types).
 
     This form can be used to indicate to type checkers that the corresponding
@@ -549,9 +554,6 @@ def Literal(self, parameters):
     """
     # There is no '_type_check' call because arguments to Literal[...] are
     # values, not types.
-    if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
-        parameters = (parameters,)
-
     parameters = _flatten_literal_params(parameters)
 
     try:
@@ -597,8 +599,10 @@ def Concatenate(self, parameters):
         raise TypeError("The last parameter to Concatenate should be a "
                         "ParamSpec variable.")
     msg = "Concatenate[arg, ...]: each arg must be a type."
-    parameters = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in parameters)
-    return _ConcatenateGenericAlias(self, parameters)
+    parameters = (*(_type_check(p, msg) for p in parameters[:-1]), parameters[-1])
+    return _ConcatenateGenericAlias(self, parameters,
+                                    _typevar_types=(TypeVar, ParamSpec),
+                                    _paramspec_tvars=True)
 
 
 @_SpecialForm
@@ -654,9 +658,10 @@ class ForwardRef(_Final, _root=True):
 
     __slots__ = ('__forward_arg__', '__forward_code__',
                  '__forward_evaluated__', '__forward_value__',
-                 '__forward_is_argument__', '__forward_module__')
+                 '__forward_is_argument__', '__forward_is_class__',
+                 '__forward_module__')
 
-    def __init__(self, arg, is_argument=True, module=None):
+    def __init__(self, arg, is_argument=True, module=None, *, is_class=False):
         if not isinstance(arg, str):
             raise TypeError(f"Forward reference must be a string -- got {arg!r}")
         try:
@@ -668,6 +673,7 @@ class ForwardRef(_Final, _root=True):
         self.__forward_evaluated__ = False
         self.__forward_value__ = None
         self.__forward_is_argument__ = is_argument
+        self.__forward_is_class__ = is_class
         self.__forward_module__ = module
 
     def _evaluate(self, globalns, localns, recursive_guard):
@@ -684,10 +690,11 @@ class ForwardRef(_Final, _root=True):
                 globalns = getattr(
                     sys.modules.get(self.__forward_module__, None), '__dict__', globalns
                 )
-            type_ =_type_check(
+            type_ = _type_check(
                 eval(self.__forward_code__, globalns, localns),
                 "Forward references must evaluate to types.",
                 is_argument=self.__forward_is_argument__,
+                allow_special_forms=self.__forward_is_class__,
             )
             self.__forward_value__ = _eval_type(
                 type_, globalns, localns, recursive_guard | {self.__forward_arg__}
@@ -701,10 +708,11 @@ class ForwardRef(_Final, _root=True):
         if self.__forward_evaluated__ and other.__forward_evaluated__:
             return (self.__forward_arg__ == other.__forward_arg__ and
                     self.__forward_value__ == other.__forward_value__)
-        return self.__forward_arg__ == other.__forward_arg__
+        return (self.__forward_arg__ == other.__forward_arg__ and
+                self.__forward_module__ == other.__forward_module__)
 
     def __hash__(self):
-        return hash(self.__forward_arg__)
+        return hash((self.__forward_arg__, self.__forward_module__))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return f'ForwardRef({self.__forward_arg__!r})'
@@ -826,6 +834,11 @@ class ParamSpecArgs(_Final, _Immutable, _root=True):
     def __repr__(self):
         return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.args"
 
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, ParamSpecArgs):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__origin__ == other.__origin__
+
 
 class ParamSpecKwargs(_Final, _Immutable, _root=True):
     """The kwargs for a ParamSpec object.
@@ -845,6 +858,11 @@ class ParamSpecKwargs(_Final, _Immutable, _root=True):
     def __repr__(self):
         return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.kwargs"
 
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, ParamSpecKwargs):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__origin__ == other.__origin__
+
 
 class ParamSpec(_Final, _Immutable, _TypeVarLike, _root=True):
     """Parameter specification variable.
@@ -857,7 +875,7 @@ class ParamSpec(_Final, _Immutable, _TypeVarLike, _root=True):
     type checkers.  They are used to forward the parameter types of one
     callable to another callable, a pattern commonly found in higher order
     functions and decorators.  They are only valid when used in ``Concatenate``,
-    or s the first argument to ``Callable``, or as parameters for user-defined
+    or as the first argument to ``Callable``, or as parameters for user-defined
     Generics.  See class Generic for more information on generic types.  An
     example for annotating a decorator::
 
@@ -960,7 +978,7 @@ class _BaseGenericAlias(_Final, _root=True):
             return self._name or self.__origin__.__name__
 
         # We are careful for copy and pickle.
-        # Also for simplicity we just don't relay all dunder names
+        # Also for simplicity we don't relay any dunder names
         if '__origin__' in self.__dict__ and not _is_dunder(attr):
             return getattr(self.__origin__, attr)
         raise AttributeError(attr)
@@ -979,6 +997,9 @@ class _BaseGenericAlias(_Final, _root=True):
         raise TypeError("Subscripted generics cannot be used with"
                         " class and instance checks")
 
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return list(set(super().__dir__()
+                + [attr for attr in dir(self.__origin__) if not _is_dunder(attr)]))
 
 # Special typing constructs Union, Optional, Generic, Callable and Tuple
 # use three special attributes for internal bookkeeping of generic types:
@@ -1060,7 +1081,9 @@ class _GenericAlias(_BaseGenericAlias, _root=True):
         return self.copy_with(tuple(new_args))
 
     def copy_with(self, params):
-        return self.__class__(self.__origin__, params, name=self._name, inst=self._inst)
+        return self.__class__(self.__origin__, params, name=self._name, inst=self._inst,
+                              _typevar_types=self._typevar_types,
+                              _paramspec_tvars=self._paramspec_tvars)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         if self._name:
@@ -1262,10 +1285,15 @@ class _LiteralGenericAlias(_GenericAlias, _root=True):
 
 
 class _ConcatenateGenericAlias(_GenericAlias, _root=True):
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs,
-                         _typevar_types=(TypeVar, ParamSpec),
-                         _paramspec_tvars=True)
+    def copy_with(self, params):
+        if isinstance(params[-1], (list, tuple)):
+            return (*params[:-1], *params[-1])
+        if isinstance(params[-1], _ConcatenateGenericAlias):
+            params = (*params[:-1], *params[-1].__args__)
+        elif not isinstance(params[-1], ParamSpec):
+            raise TypeError("The last parameter to Concatenate should be a "
+                            "ParamSpec variable.")
+        return super().copy_with(params)
 
 
 class Generic:
@@ -1441,9 +1469,7 @@ def _allow_reckless_class_checks(depth=3):
     issubclass() on the whole MRO of a user class, which may contain protocols.
     """
     try:
-        # XXX RUSTPYTHON: added _py_abc; I think CPython was fine because abc called
-        # directly into the _abc builtin module, which wasn't in the frame stack
-        return sys._getframe(3).f_globals['__name__'] in ['abc', 'functools', '_py_abc']
+        return sys._getframe(depth).f_globals['__name__'] in ['abc', 'functools']
     except (AttributeError, ValueError):  # For platforms without _getframe().
         return True
 
@@ -1672,7 +1698,7 @@ class Annotated:
                             "with at least two arguments (a type and an "
                             "annotation).")
         msg = "Annotated[t, ...]: t must be a type."
-        origin = _type_check(params[0], msg)
+        origin = _type_check(params[0], msg, allow_special_forms=True)
         metadata = tuple(params[1:])
         return _AnnotatedAlias(origin, metadata)
 
@@ -1802,7 +1828,7 @@ def get_type_hints(obj, globalns=None, localns=None, include_extras=False):
                 if value is None:
                     value = type(None)
                 if isinstance(value, str):
-                    value = ForwardRef(value, is_argument=False)
+                    value = ForwardRef(value, is_argument=False, is_class=True)
                 value = _eval_type(value, base_globals, base_locals)
                 hints[name] = value
         return hints if include_extras else {k: _strip_annotations(t) for k, t in hints.items()}
@@ -1834,7 +1860,13 @@ def get_type_hints(obj, globalns=None, localns=None, include_extras=False):
         if value is None:
             value = type(None)
         if isinstance(value, str):
-            value = ForwardRef(value)
+            # class-level forward refs were handled above, this must be either
+            # a module-level annotation or a function argument annotation
+            value = ForwardRef(
+                value,
+                is_argument=not isinstance(obj, types.ModuleType),
+                is_class=False,
+            )
         value = _eval_type(value, globalns, localns)
         if name in defaults and defaults[name] is None:
             value = Optional[value]
@@ -2423,7 +2455,7 @@ class NewType:
     """NewType creates simple unique types with almost zero
     runtime overhead. NewType(name, tp) is considered a subtype of tp
     by static type checkers. At runtime, NewType(name, tp) returns
-    a dummy function that simply returns its argument. Usage::
+    a dummy callable that simply returns its argument. Usage::
 
         UserId = NewType('UserId', int)
 
@@ -2628,6 +2660,7 @@ class io:
     TextIO = TextIO
     BinaryIO = BinaryIO
 
+
 io.__name__ = __name__ + '.io'
 sys.modules[io.__name__] = io